Malawi 1994 (rev. 2017)

1. In the interpretation of all laws and in the resolution of political disputes the provisions of this Constitution shall be regarded as the supreme arbiter and ultimate source of authority.

2. In the application and formulation of any Act of Parliament and in the application and development of the common law and customary law, the relevant organs of State shall have due regard to the principles and provisions of this Constitution.

1. Appropriate principles of interpretation of this Constitution shall be developed and employed by the courts to reflect the unique character and supreme status of this Constitution.

2. In interpreting the provisions of this Constitution a court of law shall—

a. promote the values which underlie an open and democratic society;

b. take full account of the provisions of Chapter III and Chapter IV; and

c. where applicable, have regard to current norms of public international law and comparable foreign case law.

3. Where a court of law declares an act of executive or a law to be invalid, that court may apply such interpretation of that act or law as is consistent with this Constitution.

4. Any law that ousts or purports to oust the jurisdiction of the courts to entertain matters pertaining to this Constitution shall be invalid.

1. This Constitution is founded upon the following underlying principles—

a. all legal and political authority of the State derives from the people of Malawi and shall be exercised in accordance with this Constitution solely to serve and protect their interests;

b. all persons responsible for the exercise of powers of State do so on trust and shall only exercise such power to the extent of their lawful authority and in accordance with their responsibilities to the people of Malawi;

c. the authority to exercise power of State is conditional upon the sustained trust of the people of Malawi and that trust can only be maintained through open, accountable and transparent Government and informed democratic choice;

d. the inherent dignity and worth of each human being requires that the State and all persons shall recognize and protect human rights and afford the fullest protection to the rights and views of all individuals, groups and minorities whether or not they are entitled to vote;

e. as all persons have equal status before the law, the only justifiable limitations to lawful rights are those necessary to ensure peaceful human interaction in an open and democratic society; and

f. all institutions and persons shall observe and uphold this Constitution and the rule of law and no institution or person shall stand above the law.

2. Every individual shall have duties towards other individuals, his or her family and society, the State and other legally recognized communities and the international community and these duties shall include the duty to respect his or her fellow beings without discrimination and to maintain relations aimed at promoting, safeguarding and reinforcing mutual respect and tolerance; and in recognition of these duties, individual rights and freedoms shall be exercised with due regard for the rights of others, collective security, morality and the common interest.

1. The human rights and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter shall be respected and upheld by the executive, legislature, judiciary and all organs of the Government and its agencies and, where applicable to them, by all natural and legal persons in Malawi and shall be enforceable in the manner prescribed in this Chapter.

2. Any person or group of persons, natural or legal, with sufficient interest in the promotion, protection and enforcement of rights under this Chapter shall be entitled to the assistance of the courts, the Ombudsman, the Human Rights Commission and other organs of the Government to ensure the promotion, protection and enforcement of those rights and the redress of any grievances in respect of those rights.

1. The dignity of all persons shall be inviolable.

2. In any judicial proceedings or in any other proceedings before any organ of the State, and during the enforcement of a penalty, respect for human dignity shall be guaranteed.

3. No person shall be subject to torture of any kind or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

4. No person shall be subject to corporal punishment in connexion with any judicial proceedings or in any other proceedings before any organ of the State.

5. No person shall be subjected to medical or scientific experimentation without his or her consent.

6. Subject to this Constitution, every person shall have the right to freedom and security of person, which shall include the right not to be—

a. detained without trial;

b. detained solely by reason of his or her political or other opinions; or

c. imprisoned for inability to fulfill contractual obligations.

1. Discrimination of persons in any form is prohibited and all persons are, under any law, guaranteed equal and effective protection against discrimination on grounds of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, disability, property, birth or other status or condition.

2. Legislation may be passed addressing inequalities in society and prohibiting discriminatory practices and the propagation of such practices and may render such practices criminally punishable by the courts.

1. The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.

2. Each member of the family shall enjoy full and equal respect and shall be protected by law against all forms of neglect, cruelty or exploitation.

3. All men and women have the right to marry and found a family.

4. No person shall be forced to enter into marriage.

5. Subsections (3) and (4) shall apply to all marriages at law, custom and marriages by repute or by permanent cohabitation.

6. No person over the age of eighteen years shall be prevented from entering into marriage.

7. [Repealed by Act No. 17 of 2015]

8. [Repealed by Act No. 17 of 2015]

1. All children, regardless of the circumstances of their birth, are entitled to equal treatment before the law, and the best interests and welfare of children shall be a primary consideration in all decisions affecting them.

2. All children shall have the right to a given name and a family name and the right to a nationality.

3. Children have the right to know, and to be raised by, their parents.

4. All children shall be entitled to reasonable maintenance from their parents, whether such parents are married, unmarried or divorced, and from their guardians; and, in addition, all children, and particularly orphans, children with disabilities and other children in situations of disadvantage shall be entitled to live in safety and security and, where appropriate, to State assistance.

5. Children are entitled to be protected from economic exploitation or any treatment, work or punishment that is, or is likely to—

a. be hazardous;

b. interfere with their education; or

c. be harmful to their health or to their physical, mental or spiritual or social development.

6. A child shall be a person under the age of eighteen years.

1. Women have the right to full and equal protection by the law, and have the right not to be discriminated against on the basis of their gender or marital status which includes the right—

a. to be accorded the same rights as men in civil law, including equal capacity—

i. to enter into contracts;

ii. to acquire and maintain rights in property, independently or in association with others, regardless of their marital status;

iii. to acquire and retain custody, guardianship and care of children and to have an equal right in the making of decisions that affect their upbringing; and

iv. to acquire and retain citizenship and nationality.

b. on the dissolution of marriage, howsoever entered into—

i. to a fair disposition of property that is held jointly with a husband; and

ii. to fair maintenance, taking into consideration all the circumstances and, in particular, the means of the former husband and the needs of any children.

2. Any law that discriminates against women on the basis of gender or marital status shall be invalid and legislation shall be passed to eliminate customs and practices that discriminate against women, particularly practices such as—

a. sexual abuse, harassment and violence;

b. discrimination in work, business and public affairs; and

c. deprivation of property, including property obtained by inheritance.

1. All persons are entitled to education.

2. Primary education shall consist of at least five years of education.

3. Private schools and other private institutions of higher learning shall be permissible, provided that—

a. such schools or institutions are registered with a State department in accordance with the law;

b. the standards maintained by such schools or institutions are not inferior to official standards in State schools.

1. No person shall be held in slavery or servitude.

2. Slavery and the slave trade are prohibited.

3. No person shall be subject to forced labour.

4. No person shall be subject to tied labour that amounts to servitude.

1. Every person shall be able to acquire property alone or in association with others.

2. No person shall be arbitrarily deprived of property.

1. All persons and peoples have a right to development and therefore to the enjoyment of economic, social, cultural and political development and women, children and persons with disabilities in particular shall be given special consideration in the application of this right.

2. The State shall take all necessary measures for the realization of the right to development. Such measures shall include, amongst other things, equality of opportunity for all in their access to basic resources, education, health services, food, shelter, employment and infrastructure.

3. The State shall take measures to introduce reforms aimed at eradicating social injustices and inequalities.

4. The State has a responsibility to respect the right to development and to justify its policies in accordance with this responsibility.

1. Every person shall have the right to fair and safe labour practices and to fair remuneration.

2. All persons shall have the right to form and join trade unions or not to form or join trade unions.

3. Every person shall be entitled to fair wages and equal remuneration for work of equal value without distinction or discrimination of any kind, in particular on basis of gender, disability or race.

4. The State shall take measures to ensure the right to withdraw labour.

1. Every person shall have the right to freedom of association, which shall include the freedom to form associations.

2. No person may be compelled to belong to an association.

1. Every person shall have the right of freedom of movement and residence within the borders of Malawi.

2. Every person shall have the right to leave the Republic and to return to it.

1. Subject to this Constitution, every person shall have the right—

a. to form, to join, to participate in the activities of, and to recruit members for, a political party;

b. to campaign for a political party or cause;

c. to participate in peaceful political activity intended to influence the composition and policies of the Government; and

d. freely to make political choices.

2. The State shall, provide funds so as to ensure that, during the life of any Parliament, any political party which has secured more than one-tenth of the national vote in elections to that Parliament has sufficient funds to continue to represent its constituency.

3. Save as otherwise provided in this Constitution, every person shall have the right to vote, to do so in secret and to stand for election for any elective office.

1. Every person shall have a right to recognition as a person before the law.

2. Every person shall have the right of access to any court of law or any other tribunal with jurisdiction for final settlement of legal issues.

3. Every person shall have the right to an effective remedy by a court of law or tribunal for acts violating the rights and freedoms granted to him or her by this Constitution or any other law.

1. Every person who is detained, including every sentenced prisoner, shall have the right—

a. to be informed of the reason for his or her detention promptly, and in a language which he or she understands;

b. to be held under conditions consistent with human dignity, which shall include at least the provision of reading and writing materials, adequate nutrition and medical treatment at the expense of the State;

c. to consult confidentially with a legal practitioner of his or her choice, to be informed of this right promptly and, where the interests of justice so require, to be provided with the services of a legal practitioner by the State;

d. to be given the means and opportunity to communicate with, and to be visited by, his or her spouse, partner, next-of-kin, relative, religious counsellor and a medical practitioner of his or her choice;

e. to challenge the lawfulness of his or her detention in person or through a legal practitioner before a court of law; and

f. to be released if such detention is unlawful.

2. Every person arrested for, or accused of, the alleged commission of an offence shall, in addition to the rights which he or she has as a detained person, have the right—

a. promptly to be informed, in a language which he or she understands, that he or she has the right to remain silent and to be warned of the consequences of making any statement;

b. as soon as it is reasonably possible, but not later than 48 hours after the arrest, or if the period of 48 hours expires outside ordinary court hours or on a day which is not a court day, the first court day after such expiry, to be brought before an independent and impartial court of law and to be charged or to be informed of the reason for his or her further detention, failing which he or she shall be released;

c. not to be compelled to make a confession or admission which could be used in evidence against him or her;

d. save in exceptional circumstances, to be segregated from convicted persons and to be subject to separate treatment appropriate to his or her status as an unconvicted person;

e. to be released from detention, with or without bail unless the interests of justice require otherwise;

f. as an accused person, to a fair trial, which shall include the right—

i. to public trial before an independent and impartial court of law within a reasonable time after having been charged;

ii. to be informed with sufficient particularity of the charge;

iii. to be presumed innocent and to remain silent during plea proceedings or trial and not to testify during trial;

iv. to adduce and challenge evidence, and not to be a compellable witness against himself or herself;

v. to be represented by a legal practitioner of his or her choice or, where it is required in the interests of justice, to be provided with legal representation at the expense of the State, and to be informed of these rights;

vi. not to be convicted of an offence in respect of any act or omission which was not an offence at the time when the act was committed or omitted to be done, and not to be sentenced to a more severe punishment than that which was applicable when the offence was committed;

vii. not to be prosecuted again for a criminal act or omission of which he or she has previously been convicted or acquitted, save upon the order of a superior court in the course of an appeal or review proceedings relating to that conviction or acquittal;

viii. to have recourse by way of appeal or review to a higher court than the court of first instance;

ix. to be tried in a language which he or she understands or, failing this, to have the proceedings interpreted to him or her, at the expense of the State, into a language which he or she understands; and

x. to be sentenced within a reasonable time after conviction;

g. in addition, if that person is a person under the age of eighteen years, to treatment consistent with the special needs of children, which shall include the right—

i. not to be sentenced to life imprisonment without possibility of release;

ii. to be imprisoned only as a last resort and for the shortest period of time consistent with justice and protection of the public;

iii. to be separated from adults when imprisoned, unless it is considered to be in his or her best interest not to do so, and to maintain contact with his or her family through correspondence and visits;

iv. to be treated in a manner consistent with the promotion of his or her sense of dignity and worth, which reinforces respect for the rights and freedoms of others;

v. to be treated in a manner which takes into account his or her age and the desirability of promoting his or her reintegration into society to assume a constructive role;

vi. to be dealt with in a form of legal proceedings that reflects the vulnerability of children while fully respecting human rights and legal safeguards; and

h. in addition, if that person is a person with a disability, in recognition of his or her particular vulnerability, to be held, wherever possible, in separate accommodation.

1. No restrictions or limitations may be placed on the exercise of any rights and freedoms provided for in this Constitution other than those prescribed by law, which are reasonable, recognized by international human rights standards and necessary in an open and democratic society.

2. Laws prescribing restrictions or limitations shall not negate the essential content of the right or freedom in question, and shall be of general application.

3. Expropriation of property shall be permissible only when done for public utility and only when there has been adequate notification and appropriate compensation, provided that there shall always be a right to appeal to a court of law.

4. Wherever it is stated in this Constitution that a person has the right to the services of a legal practitioner or medical practitioner of his or her own choice, that right shall be without limitation, save where the State is obliged to provide such services of a legal practitioner or medical practitioner, in which case an Act of Parliament may prescribe that the choice of the legal practitioner or medical practitioner should be limited to those in Governmentservice or employment.

1. No derogation from rights contained in this Chapter shall be permissible save to the extent provided for by this section and no such derogation shall be made unless there has been a declaration of a state of emergency within the meaning of this section.

2. There shall be no derogation with regard to—

a. the right to life;

b. the prohibition of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment;

c. the prohibition of genocide;

d. the prohibition of slavery, the slave trade and slave-like practices;

e. the prohibition of imprisonment for failure to meet contractual obligations;

f. the prohibition on retrospective criminalization and the retrospective imposition of greater penalties for criminal acts;

g. the right to equality and recognition before the law;

h. the right to freedom of conscience, belief, thought and religion and to academic freedom; or

i. the right to habeas corpus.

3. The President may declare a state of emergency—

a. only to the extent that it is provided for in this section;

b. only with the approval of the Defence and Security Committee of the National Assembly;

c. only in times of war, threat of war, civil war or widespread natural disaster;

d. only with regard to the specific location where that emergency exists, and that any declaration of a state of emergency shall be publicly announced; and

e. only after the state of emergency has been publicly announced.

4. Derogation from the rights contained in this Chapter, other than the rights listed in subsection (2), shall be permissible during a state of emergency within the meaning of this section and to the extent that—

a. such derogation is consistent with the obligations of Malawi under international law; and

b. in the case of—

i. war or threat of war, it is strictly required to prevent the lives of defensive combatants and civilians as well as legitimate military objectives from being placed in direct jeopardy; or

ii. a widespread natural disaster, it is strictly required for the protection and relief of those people and facilities whether in or outside the disaster area.

5. The declaration of a state of emergency and any action taken in consequence thereof shall be in force for a period of not more than twenty-one days, unless it is extended for a period of not longer than three months, or consecutive periods of not longer than three months at a time, by resolution of the National Assembly adopted by a majority of at least two-thirds of all its members.

6. The High Court shall be competent to hear applications challenging the validity of a declaration of a state of emergency, any extension thereof, and any action taken, including any regulation enacted, under such declaration.

7. Where a person is detained under a state of emergency such detention shall be subject to the following conditions—

a. an adult family member or friend of the detainee shall be notified of the detention as soon as is reasonably possible and in any case not later than forty-eight hours of detention;

b. the name of every detainee and a reference to the measures in terms of which he or she is being detained shall be published in the Gazette within five days of his or her detention;

c. when rights entrenched in section 19 (6) (a) or section 42 (2) (b) have been suspended—

i. the detention of a person shall, as soon as it is reasonably possible but not later than ten days after his or her detention, be reviewed by a court, and the court shall order the release of the detainee if it is satisfied that the detention is not necessary to restore peace or order;

ii. a detainee shall at any stage after the expiry of a period of five days after a review under subparagraph (i) be entitled to apply to a court of law for a further review of his or her detention, and the court shall order the release of the detainee if it is satisfied that the detention is no longer necessary to restore peace or order;

d. the State shall for the purpose of a review referred to in paragraph (c) submit written reasons to justify the detention or further detention of the detainee to the court, and shall furnish the detainee with such reasons not later than two days before the review.

8. If a court finds the grounds for the detention of a person to be unjustified or illegal it shall order his or her release and that person shall not be detained again on the same grounds unless the State shows good cause to a court prior to such re-detention.

9. Under no circumstance shall it be possible to suspend this Constitution or any part thereof or dissolve any of its organs, save as is consistent with the provisions of this Constitution.

1. Save in so far as it may be authorized to do so by this Constitution, the National Assembly or any subordinate legislative authority shall not make any law, and the executive and the agencies of Government shall not take any action, which abolishes or abridges the rights and freedoms enshrined in this Chapter, and any law or action in contravention thereof shall, to the extent of the contravention, be invalid.

2. Any person who claims that a right or freedom guaranteed by this Constitution has been infringed or threatened shall be entitled—

a. to make application to a competent court to enforce or protect such a right or freedom; and

b. to make application to the Ombudsman or the Human Rights Commission in order to secure such assistance or advice as he or she may reasonably require.

3. Where a court referred to in subsection (2) (a) finds that rights or freedoms conferred by this Constitution have been unlawfully denied or violated, it shall have the power to make any orders that are necessary and appropriate to secure the enjoyment of those rights and freedoms and where a court finds that a threat exists to such rights or freedoms, it shall have the power to make any orders necessary and appropriate to prevent those rights and freedoms from being unlawfully denied or violated.

4. A court referred to in subsection (2) (a) shall have the power to award compensation to any person whose rights or freedoms have been unlawfully denied or violated where it considers it to be appropriate in the circumstances of a particular case.

5. The law shall prescribe criminal penalties for violations of those non-derogable rights listed in section 44 (1).

1. Every person who, immediately before the appointed day, was a citizen of Malawi under any existing law shall continue to be a citizen of Malawi after the appointed day.

2. An Act of Parliament may make provision for the acquisition or loss of citizenship of Malawi by any person after the appointed day, but citizenship shall not be arbitrarily denied or deprived.

3. In this section, the expression—

a. “acquisition of citizenship” includes acquisition by birth, descent, marriage, registration, naturalization or any other means prescribed by an Act of Parliament; and

b. “loss of citizenship” includes loss by deprivation, renunciation or any other means prescribed by an Act of Parliament.

1. All legislative powers of the Republic shall be vested in Parliament which shall have the powers and responsibilities set out in this Constitution.

2. An Act of Parliament shall have primacy over other forms of law, but shall be subject to this Constitution.

3. Any question proposed for decision by the National Assembly shall be decided by a majority of the votes of the members present and voting, unless this Constitution or any other Act of Parliament otherwise provides.

1. For the purposes of this Constitution, unless otherwise provided, “Parliament” consists of the National Assembly and the President as Head of State.

2. An Act of Parliament shall be a Bill which has—

a. been laid before the National Assembly;

b. been passed in the National Assembly by a simple majority or such other majority as is otherwise required by this Constitution in respect of any particular Bill; and

c. been assented to by the President in accordance with this Chapter.

3. “Chamber” means the Chamber of the National Assembly.

1. The quorum of the National Assembly shall be formed by the presence at the beginning of any sitting of at least one half plus one of the members of that Chamber entitled to vote, not including the Speaker or a presiding member.

2. If it is brought to the attention of the Speaker of the National Assembly or presiding member by any member of Parliament that there are less than the number of members prescribed by the Standing Orders and after such interval as may be prescribed by the Standing Orders, the Speaker of the National Assembly or presiding member ascertains that the number of members present is still less than that prescribed by the Standing Orders, he or she shall adjourn the proceedings of the National Assembly.

1. A person shall not be qualified to be nominated or elected as a member of the Parliament unless that person—

a. is a citizen of the Republic who at the time of nomination has attained the age of twenty-one years;

b. is able to speak and to read the English language well enough to take an active part in the proceedings of Parliament; and

c. is registered as a voter in a constituency.

2. Notwithstanding subsection (1), no person shall be qualified to be nominated or elected as a member of Parliament who—

a. owes allegiance to a foreign country;

b. is, under any law in force in the Republic, adjudged or otherwise declared to be mentally incompetent;

c. has, within the last seven years, been convicted by a competent court of a crime involving dishonesty or moral turpitude;

d. is an undischarged bankrupt, having been adjudged or otherwise declared bankrupt under any law in force in the Republic;

e. holds, or acts, in any public office or appointment, except where this Constitution provides that a person shall not be disqualified from standing for election solely on account of holding that office or appointment or where that person resigns from that office or appointment in order to stand;

f. belongs to, and is serving in the Defence Force of Malawi or the Malawi Police Service; and

g. has, within the last seven years, been convicted by a competent court of any violation of any law relating to election of the President or election of members of Parliament or local government elections.

3. For the purposes of subsection (2) (e), an appointment as a Minister or Deputy Minister in accordance with section 94 (1) shall not be construed to be an appointment to a public office or to be a public appointment.

1. There shall be a Speaker of the National Assembly who shall be elected by majority vote of the members thereof at the first sitting after every dissolution of the National Assembly.

2. The members of the National Assembly shall elect one or more from among themselves to be Deputy Speaker or Deputy Speakers of the National Assembly at the first sitting after a general election.

3. The office of Speaker or Deputy Speaker shall become vacant—

a. on the death or resignation of the holder;

b. if the holder ceases to be a member of the National Assembly;

c. if the holder becomes President, Vice-President, a Minister or a Deputy Minister; or

d. if the National Assembly, by a resolution supported by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the members of the National Assembly, resolves that the holder be removed from office:

Provided that the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker shall have the right to be heard by the Chamber on his or her own motion on any matter relating to his or her removal from office.

4. The Speaker, or in his or her absence, such Deputy Speaker as the Speaker has nominated, shall preside at every sitting of the National Assembly:

Provided that in the absence of the Speaker and every Deputy Speaker, the members of the National Assembly may elect one of their number to act as Speaker for as long as there is no Speaker or Deputy Speaker.

5. The Speaker, the Deputy Speaker or any other presiding member shall discharge his or her functions and duties and exercise such powers as he or she has by virtue of that office independent or the direction or interference of any body or authority, save as accords with the express will and the Standing Orders of the National Assembly.

6. Notwithstanding that the Speaker, Deputy Speaker or any other presiding member has been elected as a member of a political party to the National Assembly he or she shall not be subject to the control, discipline, authority or direction of that political party or any other political party in the discharge of the functions and duties of that office and in the exercise of the powers of that office.

7. The Speaker may, where the matter under debate in the National Assembly pertains to his or her constituency, temporarily vacate the Speaker’s seat and participate in that debate and exercise a deliberative vote where there is voting on that matter.

1. Subject to section 53 (7) the Speaker shall not have a deliberative vote, but if the votes of the National Assembly are equally divided upon any question, he or she shall exercise the casting vote.

2. Any presiding member shall retain his or her original deliberative vote as a member and shall, in addition, have and exercise a casting vote where the votes of the National Assembly on any question are equally divided.

1. Subject to this Constitution, the National Assembly, may by Standing Order or otherwise regulate its own procedure.

2. Save as otherwise provided in this Constitution, the National Assembly may act unless more than two-thirds of all the seats of the National Assembly are vacant.

3. The presence or participation of any person not entitled to be present or to participate in the proceedings of the National Assembly shall not invalidate those proceedings.

4. The National Assembly shall provide access to the press and members of the public, except where a motion is passed with reasons prohibiting public access in the national interest.

5. The proceedings of Parliament shall be conducted in the English language and such other languages as the National Assembly may prescribe.

6. Parliament may establish any committees of its members and may form joint committees for the scrutiny of legislation and performance of other functions, except voting on motions and Bills.

7. In addition to any committee appointed under subsection (6), there shall be a Public Appointments Committee, a Budget Committee and a Legal Affairs Committee of the National Assembly which shall each—

a. be appointed by the National Assembly with proportionate representation from all parties represented in the National Assembly;

b. be appointed within thirty days of the first sitting of the National Assembly after a general election and thereafter annually; and

c. perform such functions as are conferred on them by this Constitution or by an Act or resolution of Parliament or by the Standing Orders of Parliament.

1. Parliament may, with respect to any particular Act of Parliament, delegate to the executive or to the judiciary the power to make subsidiary legislation within the specification and for the purposes laid out in that Act and any subsidiary legislation so made shall be laid before Parliament in accordance with its Standing Orders.

2. Notwithstanding subsection (1), Parliament shall not have the power to delegate any legislative powers which would substantially and significantly affect the fundamental rights and freedoms recognized by this Constitution.

1. Every meeting of the National Assembly shall be held at such place within Malawi and shall commence at such time as the Speaker of the National Assembly, in consultation with the President, may appoint and the sittings of the National Assembly after the commencement of that meeting shall be held at such times and on such days as the National Assembly shall appoint:

Provided that—

a. the President, in consultation with the Speaker of the National Assembly, may summon, on extraordinary occasions, a meeting of the National Assembly; and

b. the President may, in consultation with the Speaker of the National Assembly, prorogue the National Assembly.

2. There shall be held at least two meetings of the National Assembly in each session.

3. A session of the National Assembly shall be opened by the President on such date as the President, in consultation with the Speaker of the National Assembly, shall determine.

4. A session shall be of such duration as the President, in consultation with the Speaker of the National Assembly, shall determine.

1. The Speaker, every Deputy Speaker, and every member of the National Assembly shall, except in cases of treason, be privileged from arrest while going to, returning from or while in the precincts of the National Assembly and shall not, in respect of any utterances that forms part of the proceedings in the National Assembly, be amenable to any other action or proceedings in any court, tribunal or body other than Parliament.

2. All official reports and publications of Parliament or of its proceedings or of the proceedings of any committee of the Parliament shall be privileged and utterances made in the Parliament or in any committee thereof wherever published shall be protected by absolute privilege.

3. The National Assembly and any committee of the National Assembly shall have the power to conduct investigations and exercise the power to subpoena the attendance of any person or office holder whosoever as required in connexion with the prudentexercise of the functions of the National Assembly and failure to attend without leave or without valid reason or excuse shall be held to be a contempt of the National Assembly or committee in question.

4. The National Assembly shall lay down in Standing Orders the procedure to be followed by the National Assembly or committee concerned in holding any person in contempt of the National Assembly or committee; and such procedure shall comply with the principles of natural justice so far as the circumstances allow.

1. A member of Parliament, where he or she has a direct or indirect material interest in a matter being debated by the National Assembly shall—

a. disclose such interest to the National Assembly; and

b. not be entitled to vote on that matter without leave of the National Assembly.

2. Where a member of Parliament fails to disclose a material interest in accordance with subsection (1) that member shall be guilty of contempt of the National Assembly.

1. The National Assembly shall consist of such number of seats, representing every constituency in Malawi, as shall be determined by the Electoral Commission.

2. Each constituency shall freely elect any person, subject to this Constitution and an Act of Parliament, to represent it as a member of the National Assembly in such manner as may be prescribed by this Constitution or an Act of Parliament.

1. The seat of a member of the National Assembly shall become vacant—

a. if the National Assembly has been dissolved;

b. if the member dies or resigns his or her seat;

c. if the member ceases to be a citizen of Malawi;

d. if the member assumes the office of President or Vice-President;

e. if any circumstances arise that, if he or she were not a member of the National Assembly, would cause that member to be disqualified for election under this Constitution or any other Act of Parliament; or

f. if the National Assembly declares a member’s seat vacant in accordance with such Standing Orders as may permit or prescribe the removal of a member for good and sufficient reason provided that they accord with the principles of natural justice.

2. The Speaker of the National Assembly shall give notice in the Gazette in the event that the seat of any member of the Assembly shall become vacant under this section:

Provided that—

a. Parliament shall make provision for holding by-elections to fill any vacancy that shall occur;

b. any by-election to fill a vacancy that occurs shall be held within sixty days after the seat of the member becomes vacant or, if in the opinion of the Speaker the circumstances do not so admit, then as expeditiously as possible after the expiry of that period; and

c. any member elected at a by-election shall serve until such time as his or her seat becomes vacant in accordance with subsection (1).

3. The Speaker may, upon a motion of the National Assembly, postpone the declaration of a vacant seat for such period as that motion prescribes so as to permit any member to appeal to a court or other body to which an appeal lies against a decision which would require that member to vacate his or her seat in accordance with this section.

1. The Speaker shall declare vacant the seat of any member of the National Assembly who was, at the time of his or her election, a member of one political party represented in the National Assembly, other than by that member alone but who has voluntarily ceased to be a member of that party or has joined another political party represented in the National Assembly, or association or organization whose objectives or activies are political in nature.

2. Notwithstanding subsection (1), all members of all parties shall have the absolute right to exercise a free vote in any and all proceedings of the National Assembly, and a member shall not have his or her seat declared vacant solely on account of his or her voting in contradiction to the recommendations of a political party, represented in the National Assembly, of which he or she is a member.

1. The National Assembly shall be a directly elected Chamber which shall have power, subject to this Constitution, to—

a. receive, amend, accept or reject Government Bills and Private Bills;

b. initiate Private Member’s Bills on the motion of any member and amend, accept or reject all Private Member’s Bills;

c. debate and vote motions in relation to any matter including motions to indict and convict the President or Vice-President by impeachment;

d. exercise such other functions and powers as are conferred on it by this Constitution or by an Act of Parliament; and

e. take all actions incidental to and necessary for the proper exercise of its functions.

2. For the purposes of this Constitution—

a. a Government Bill shall be a Bill promulgated by the Government and introduced to Parliament on behalf of the Government;

b. a Private Bill shall be—

i. promulgated by an agency that is not part of the Government; and

ii. introduced to Parliament on behalf of that agency where that agency is mandated by an Act of Parliament so to do;

c. a Private Member’s Bill shall be—

i. promulgated by a member of Parliament; and

ii. introduced by that member in the National Assembly in accordance with its own procedure.

1. The National Assembly shall stand dissolved on the 20th of March in the fifth year after its election, and the polling day for the general elections for the next National Assembly shall be the Tuesday in the third week of May that year:

Provided that where it is not practicable for the polling to be held on the Tuesday in the third week of May, the polling shall be held on a day, within seven days from that Tuesday, appointed by the Electoral Commission; and provided further that, in the case of the elections to be held in 1999, the polling shall be held on a day, not later than 15th June, 1999, appointed by the Electoral Commission.

2. This section shall not preclude the Electoral Commission from setting other days for polling in the general election for special classes or categories of voters, provided that such polling takes place not more than two days, before or after the polling day, excluding Sundays.

3. The first meeting of the National Assembly shall commence on a date to be appointed by the President occurring within forty-five days after the polling day or, where polling takes place on more than one day, within forty-five days after the last polling day.

4. If, between the dissolution of the National Assembly and the general election that follows, the President is of the opinion that a constitutional crisis or emergency has arisen which requires urgent legislation or consideration by the National Assembly, he or she may reconvene the National Assembly for that purpose alone, but in any event, that reconvened National Assembly, shall stand dissolved on the date of the general election.

5. Notwithstanding the dissolution of the National Assembly on the date specified in subsection (1), every person who, immediately before the dissolution of the National Assembly in accordance with subsection (1), is a member of the National Assembly shall be entitled to receive his or her remuneration and other benefits up to and including the last date preceding the general election.

1. Where a Bill is presented to the President for assent, the President shall either assent or withhold assent and shall do so within twenty-one days from the date the Bill is presented to him or her.

2. Where the President withholds assent to a Bill, the Bill shall be returned to the Speaker of the National Assembly by the President with a notification that the President’s assent has been withheld, including reasons therefor, and the Bill shall not be again debated by the National Assembly until after the expiry of twenty-one days from the date of the notification of that withholding.

3. If the Bill is debated again and passed by a majority of the National Assembly at any time between the date of the expiry of the twenty-one days referred to in subsection (2) and three months from that date, the Bill shall again be presented for assent by the President.

4. Where a Bill is again presented to the President for assent in accordance with subsection (3), the President shall assent to the Bill within twenty-one days of its presentation.

5. When a Bill that has been duly passed is assented to in accordance with this Constitution, the Clerk shall cause it to be published immediately in the Gazette.

1. There shall be an Electoral Commission which shall consist of a Chairman who shall be a Judge nominated in that behalf by the Judicial Service Commission and such other members, not being less than six, as may be appointed in accordance with an Act of Parliament.

2. A person shall not be qualified to hold the office of a member of the Electoral Commission if that person is a Minister, Deputy Minister, a member of Parliament or a person holding public office.

3. Subject to this section, a person shall cease to be a member of the Electoral Commission—

a. at the expiration of four years from the date of his or her appointment, unless re- appointed to a new four-year term; or

b. if any circumstances arise that, if that person were not a member of the Electoral Commission, he or she would be disqualified for appointment as such.

4. A member of the Electoral Commission may be removed from office by the President on the recommendation of the Public Appointments Committee on the grounds of incapacity or incompetence in the performance of the duties of that office.

1. The Electoral Commission shall exercise such functions in relation to elections as are conferred upon it by this Constitution or by an Act of Parliament.

2. The duties and functions of the Electoral Commission shall include—

a. to determine constituency boundaries impartially on the oasis of ensuring that constituencies contain approximately equal numbers of voters eligible to register, subject only to considerations of—

i. population density;

ii. ease of communication; and

iii. geographical features and existing administrative areas;

b. to review existing constituency boundaries at intervals of not more than five years and alter them in accordance with the principles laid down in subsection (2) (a);

c. to determine electoral petitions and complaints related to the conduct of any elections;

d. to ensure compliance with the provisions of this Constitution and any Act of Parliament; and

e. to perform such other functions as may be prescribed by this Constitution or an Act of Parliament.

3. Any person who has petitioned or complained to the Electoral Commission shall have a right to appeal to the High Court against determinations made under subsections (2) (c) and (2) (d).

4. The Electoral Commission shall exercise its powers, functions and duties under this section independent of any direction or interference by other authority or any person.

5. Without prejudice to subsection (3)—

a. the High Court shall have jurisdiction to entertain applications for judicial review of the exercise by the Electoral Commission of its powers and functions to ensure that such powers and functions were duly exercised in accordance with this Constitution or any Act of Parliament; and

b. the National Assembly shall confirm all determinations by the Electoral Commission with regard to the drawing up of constituency boundaries but may not alter the boundaries of any constituency, except upon the recommendation of the Electoral Commission.

1. All persons shall be eligible to vote in any general election, by-election, presidential election, local government election or referendum, subject only to this section.

2. Subject to subsection (3), a person shall be qualified to be registered as a voter in a constituency if, and shall not be so qualified unless, at the date of the application for registration that person—

a. is a citizen of Malawi or, if not a citizen, has been ordinarily resident in the Republic for seven years;

b. has attained the age of eighteen years; and

c. is ordinarily resident in that constituency or was born there or is employed or carries on a business there.

3. No person shall be qualified for registration as a voter in a constituency if that person—

a. is under any law in force in the Republic adjudged or otherwise declared to be mentally incompetent;

b. is under sentence of death imposed by a court having jurisdiction in the Republic, either before or after the appointed day; or

c. is disqualified from registration as a voter on the grounds of his or her having been convicted of any violation of any law relating to elections passed by Parliament and in force at the time of, or after, the commencement of this Constitution, but such disqualification shall be valid only with respect to registration for the election in question and the person so disqualified shall be qualified to be registered as a voter in the nextor any subsequentelection.

4. Where any person is qualified to be registered in more than one constituency as a voter, he or she may be so registered only in one of the constituencies.

5. No person shall exercise more than one vote in any one election.

1. The President shall be elected in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution in such manner as may be prescribed by Act of Parliament and, save where this Constitution provides otherwise, the ballot in a Presidential election shall take place concurrently with the general election for members of the National Assembly as prescribed by section 67 (1).

2. The President shall be elected by a majority of the electorate through direct, universal and equal suffrage.

3. Every presidential candidate shall declare who shall be his or her First Vice-President if he or she is elected at the time of his or her nomination.

4. The First Vice-President shall be elected concurrently with the President and the name of a candidate for the First Vice-President shall appear on the same ballot paper as the name of the Presidential candidate who nominated him.

5. Where the President considers it desirable in the national interest so to do, he or she may appoint a person to the office of Second Vice-President and may do so upon taking his or her oath of office or at any time thereafter or upon a vacancy in the office of Second Vice-President; and where no person has been appointed to the office of Second Vice-President then—

a. the provisions of this Chapter making reference to that office shall be read mutatis mutandis; and

b. the office of First Vice-President shall be known as the office of Vice-President as if section 79 created the office of a Vice-President only:

Provided that where the President was elected on the sponsorship of a political party, then he or she shall not appoint a Second Vice-President from that political party.

6. Notwithstanding any provision of this Constitution to the contrary, a person shall only be qualified for nomination for election as President or First Vice-President or for appointment as First Vice-President or Second Vice-President if that person—

a. is a citizen of Malawi by birth or descent; and

b. has attained the age of thirty-five years.

7. No person shall be eligible for nomination as a candidate for election as President or First Vice-President or for appointment as first Vice-President or Second Vice-President if that person—

a. has been adjudged or declared to be of unsound mind;

b. is an undischarged bankrupt having been declared bankrupt under a law of the Republic;

c. has, within the last seven years, been convicted by a competent court of a crime involving dishonesty or moral turpitude;

d. owes allegiance to a foreign country;

e. is the holder of a public office or a member of Parliament, unless that person first resigns;

f. is a serving Member of the Defence Forces or Malawi Police Service; or

g. has, within the last seven years, been convicted by a competent court of any violation of any law relating to election of the President or election of the members of Parliament.

1. Before a person elected to be President or First Vice-President or appointed to be First Vice-President or Second Vice-President takes office that person shall take the following oath which shall be administered in public by the Chief Justice—

“I, ............. do solemnly swear that I will well and truly perform the functions of the high office of President (or Vice-President) of the Republic of Malawi, and that I will preserve and defend the Constitution, and that I will do right to all manner of people according to law without fear or favour, affection or ill-will. So help me God.”

2. Instead of taking an oath, the President, First Vice-President or Second Vice-President may, if he or she thinks fit, make an affirmation which shall be in the like form with the substitution of “affirm” for “swear”, and the omission of the final sentence.

3. A person elected to be President or appointed to be First Vice-President or Second Vice-President shall be sworn into office, in accordance with subsection (1), within thirty days of being elected or appointed.

4. The President and First Vice-President shall hold office until such time as his or her successor is sworn in.

1. The President shall hold office for five years from the date that his or her oath of office is administered, but shall continue in office until his or her successor has been sworn in.

2. The First Vice-President and the Second Vice-President shall hold office from the date of the administration of the oath of office to them until the end of the President’s term of office unless their office should come to an end sooner in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.

3. The President, the First Vice-President and the Second Vice-President may serve in their respective capacities a maximum of two consecutive terms, but when a person is elected or appointed to fill a vacancy in the office of President or Vice-President, the period between that election or appointment and the next election of a President shall not be regarded as a term.

4. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of President, the First Vice-President shall assume that office for the remainder of the term and shall appoint another person to serve as First Vice-President for the remainder of the term.

1. The President or First Vice-President shall be removed from office where the President or First Vice-President, as the case may be, has been indicted and convicted by impeachment.

2. The procedure for impeachment shall be as laid down by the Standing Orders of Parliament, provided that they are in full accord with the principles of natural justice and that—

a. indictment and conviction by impeachment shall only be on the grounds of serious violation of the Constitution or serious breach of the written laws of the Republic that either occurred or came to light during the term of office of the President or the First Vice-President;

b. indictment on impeachment shall require the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the members of the National Assembly in a committee of the whole house;

c. conviction on impeachment shall require the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the members of the National Assembly;

d. conviction in cases of impeachment shall cause the removal, and disqualification from such office in the future, of the office holder; and

e. conviction by way of impeachment shall not act as a bar to legal proceedings.

3. The President shall have power to remove the Second Vice-President from office.

1. Whenever the President is incapacitated so as to be unable to discharge the powers and duties of that office, the First Vice-President shall act as President, until such time, in the President’s term of office, as the President is able to resume his or her functions.

2. The President shall not be deemed to be incapacitated for the purposes of this section until and unless—

a. there is a written declaration, certified by a board of independent medical practitioners, that the President is unable to discharge the duties of the office of President;

b. the declaration is signed by the First Vice-President and a majority of the Cabinet, holding office at that time; and

c. the declaration is submitted by the First Vice-President to the Speaker of the National Assembly.

3. Upon submission to the Speaker of a declaration under subsection (2), the First Vice-President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office of President as Acting President.

4. Where the President has been declared to be incapacitated in accordance with subsection (2) the President may, at any time thereafter, submit to the National Assembly a written declaration, certified by a board of independent medical practitioners, stating his or her fitness to carry on the duties of the office of President:

Provided that—

a. upon receipt of such a declaration from the President, the National Assembly shall have thirty days within which to determine whether or not the President is in fact or not so incapacitated as to be unable to discharge the duties of the office of President; and

b. if the National Assembly determines that the President remains so incapacitated so as to be unable to discharge the duties of the office of President, by an affirmative vote of two-thirds of all of its members, the First Vice-President shall continue to act as President until the National Assembly determines that the President is again fit to assume the duties and powers of the office of President; or

c. if the National Assembly determines that the President is no longer so incapacitated as to be unable to discharge the duties of the office of President by an affirmative vote of two-thirds of the National Assembly, the President shall resume the duties of the office of President within thirty days of that vote.

5. If, on the expiry of twelve months from the date of the Speaker being notified of the incapacity of the President, the National Assembly has not determined that the President is fit to perform duties of the office of President in accordance with subsection (4), then the office of President shall be deemed vacant and the Vice-President shall assume office for the remainder of the term in accordance with section 83 (4).

6. The provisions of this section, save for subsection 5 shall apply mutatis mutandis to the incapacity of the First Vice-President except that the certificate shall then be signed by the President and be submitted to the Speaker by the President and the functions of the First Vice-President shall be carried out by such other member of Cabinet as the President may appoint.

7. Every board of independent medical practitioners required for the purposes of this section shall be selected in accordance with the procedure laid down in the Standing Orders of Parliament.

1. The President shall be responsible for the observance of the provisions of this Constitution by the executive and shall, as Head of State, defend and uphold the Constitution as the supreme law of the Republic.

2. The President shall provide executive leadership in the interest of national unity in accordance with this Constitution and the laws of the Republic.

3. The President and members of the Cabinet shall not hold any other public office and shall not perform remunerative work outside the duties of their office and shall, within three months from the date of election or appointment, as the case may be, fully disclose all of their assets, liabilities and business interests, and those of their spouses, held by them or on their behalf as at that date; and, unless Parliament otherwise prescribes by an Act of Parliament, such disclosure shall be made in a written document delivered to the Speaker of the National Assembly who shall immediately upon receipt deposit the document with such public office as may be specified in the Standing Orders of Parliament.

4. Any business interests held by the President and members of the Cabinet shall be held on their behalf in a beneficial trust which shall be managed in such manner as to ensure conformity with this section.

5. The President and members of the Cabinet shall not use their respective offices for personal gain or place themselves in a situation where their material interests conflict with the responsibilities and duties of their offices.

1. The President and members of the Cabinet shall not hold any public office and shall not perform remunerative work outside the duties of their offices and shall, within three months from the date of election or appointment, as the case may be, fully disclose all of their assests, liabilities and business interests, and those of their spouses held by them or on their behalf as at that date; and, unless Parliament otherwise prescribes by an Act of Parliament, such disclosure shall be made in a written document delivered to the Speaker of the National Assembly who shall immediately upon receipt deposit the document with such public office as may be specified in the Standing Orders of Parliament.

2. Any business interests held by the President and members of the Cabinet shall be held on their behalf in a beneficial trust which shall be managed in such manner as to ensure conformity with the responsibility and duties of their offices.

3. The President and members of the Cabinet shall not use their respective offices for personal gain or place themselves in a situation where their materials interest conflict with the responsibilities and duties of their offices.

1. The President shall have the following powers and duties—

a. to assent to Bills and promulgate Bills duly passed by Parliament;

b. to convene and preside over meetings of the Cabinet;

c. to confer honours;

d. to make such appointments as may be necessary in accordance with powers conferred upon him or her by this Constitution or an Act of Parliament;

e. subject to this Constitution, to appoint, accredit, receive and recognize ambassadors, high commissioners, plenipotentiaries, diplomatic representatives and other diplomatic officers, consuls and consular officers;

f. to negotiate, sign, enter into and accede to international agreements or to delegate such power to ministers, ambassadors and high commissioners;

g. to appoint commissions of inquiry;

h. to refer disputes of a constitutional nature to the High Court; and

i. to proclaim referenda and plebiscites in accordance with this Constitution or an Act of Parliament.

2. The President may pardon convicted offenders, grant stays of execution of sentence, reduce sentences, or remit sentences:

Provided that—

a. decisions under this subsection shall be taken in consultation with an Advisory Committee on the Granting of Pardon, the composition and formation of which shall be determined by an Act of Parliament; and

b. judgments in cases of impeachment of the President or Vice-President shall not be liable to pardon by the President.

3. The President shall each year, immediately before the consideration of the official budget, attend Parliament and shall—

a. address Parliament on the state of the nation and on the future policies of the Government at that time;

b. report on the policies of the previous year; and

c. respond to questions.

4. The President shall be called to Parliament to answer questions at such times as may be prescribed by the Standing Orders of Parliament or on a motion of the National Assembly.

5. Subject to this Constitution and any Act of Parliament, the President shall exercise all other powers reasonably necessary and incidental to the functions of his or her office in accordance with this Constitution.

6. The powers and functions of the President shall be exercised by him or her personally or by a member of the Cabinet or by a government official to whom the President has delegated such power in writing.

1. Decisions of the President shall be expressed in writing under his or her signature.

2. Where law or practice so requires, the signature of the President on any instrument shall be confirmed by the Public Seal.

1. No person holding the office of President or performing the functions of President may be sued in any civil proceedings but the office of President shall not be immune to orders of the courts concerning rights and duties under this Constitution.

2. No person holding the office of President shall be charged with any criminal offence in any court during his term of office.

3. After a person has vacated the office of President, he or she shall not be personally liable for acts done in an official capacity during his or her term of office but shall not otherwise be immune.

1. There shall be a Cabinet consisting of the President, the First Vice-President, the Second Vice-President and such Ministers and Deputy Ministers as may, from time to time, be appointed by the President.

2. The Cabinet shall exercise the powers and functions assigned to it by this Constitution or an Act of Parliament and shall be responsible for advising the President with respect to the policies of the Government and with respect to such other matters as may be referred to it by the President.

3. Cabinet meetings shall be presided over—

a. by the President; or

b. in the temporary absence of the President, by the First Vice-President; or

c. in the temporary absence of both the President and First Vice-President, by the Second Vice-President.

4. There shall be a Secretary to the Cabinet who shall be appointed by the President and whose office shall be a public office and who shall—

a. have charge of the Cabinet office;

b. be responsible, subject to the directions of the Cabinet, for arranging the business, and keeping the minutes of the Cabinet;

c. convey the decisions of the Cabinet to the appropriate persons or authorities; and

d. have such other functions as the Cabinet may direct.

1. There shall be Ministers and Deputy Ministers who shall exercise such powers and functions, including the running of Government departments, as may be prescribed by the President subject to this Constitution.

2. Every Government department shall be under the supervision of a Principal Secretary, whose office shall be a public office and who shall be under the direction of a Minister or Deputy Minister:

Provided that two or more Government departments may be placed under the supervision of one Principal Secretary, and one government department may be placed under the supervision of two or more Principal Secretaries.

1. The President shall have the power to appoint Ministers or Deputy Ministers and to fill vacancies in the Cabinet.

2. A person shall not be qualified to be appointed as a Minister or Deputy Minister unless that person—

a. is a citizen of the Republic who upon taking office, has attained the age of twenty-one years;

b. is able to speak and to read the English language; and

c. is registered as a voter in a constituency.

3. Notwithstanding subsection (2), no person shall be qualified to be appointed as a Minister or Deputy Minister who—

a. owes allegiance to a foreign country;

b. is, under any law in force in the Republic, adjudged or otherwise declared to be of unsound mind;

c. has, within the last seven years, been convicted by a competent court of a crime involving dishonesty or moral turpitude;

d. is an undischarged bankrupt, having been adjudged or otherwise declared bankrupt under any law in force in the Republic;

e. holds or acts in any public office or appointment;

f. belongs to, and is serving in the Defence Forces of Malawi or in the Malawi Police Service;

g. has, within the last seven years, been convicted by a competent court of any violation of any law relating to election of the President or election of the members of Parliament.

1. No Minister or Deputy Minister shall assume office unless an oath or solemn affirmation was taken and executed in a manner prescribed by an Act of Parliament.

2. The President shall have the power to remove Ministers or Deputy Ministers from their posts.

1. The members of the Cabinet shall have the following functions—

a. to advise the President;

b. to direct, co-ordinate and supervise the activities of Government departments, including parastatal bodies;

c. to initiate Bills for submission to the National Assembly and to explain those Bills;

d. to prepare, explain and formulate for the Parliament the budget of the State and its economic programmes;

e. to be available to Parliament for the purposes of answering any queries or participating in any debate pertaining to the content of the policies of the Government;

f. to assist the President in determining what international agreements are to be concluded or acceded to and to inform Parliament thereon;

g. to take responsibility for the implementation and administration of laws; and

h. to carry out such other functions reasonably necessary for the performance of their duties in accordance with this Constitution, as may be prescribed by an Act of Parliament or the President.

2. In performing the duties and functions referred to in this section the Cabinet shall make legislative proposals available in time in order to permit sufficient canvassing of expert and public opinion.

1. There shall be the office of Attorney General, who shall be the principal legal adviser to the Government.

2. Any powers vested in the office of the Attorney General may be exercised by the person appointed to that office or, subject to his or her general or special instructions by—

a. persons in the public service acting as his or her subordinates; or

b. such other legally qualified persons acting on the instructions of the Attorney General.

3. Appointment to the office of Attorney General shall be made by the President.

4. The office of Attorney General shall where it is held by a person employed in the public service, become vacant after the person holding that office has served for five years, or on his or her resignation or retirement or up to the end of the President’s term of office whichever is sooner.

5. The office of Attorney General may either be the office of a Minister or may be a public office.

6. The Attorney General shall be subject to removal by the President on the grounds of incompetence, incapacity or being compromised in the exercise of his duties to the extent that his ability to give impartial legal advice is seriously in question.

1. There shall be a Director of Public Prosecutions, whose office shall be a public office.

2. The Director of Public Prosecutions shall have power in any criminal case in which he or she considers it desirable so to do—

a. to institute and undertake criminal proceedings against any person before any court (other than a court-martial) in respect of any offence alleged to have been committed by that person;

b. to take over and continue any criminal proceedings which have been instituted or undertaken by any other person or authority; and

c. subject to subsection (5) to discontinue at any stage before judgment is delivered any criminal proceedings instituted or undertaken by himself or herself or any other person or authority.

3. Subject to section 101 (2), the powers conferred on the Director of Public Prosecutions by subsection (2) (b) and (c) shall be vested in him or her to the exclusion of any other person or authority and whenever exercised, reasons for the exercise shall be provided to the Legal Affairs Committee of the National Assembly within ten days:

Provided that where any other person or authority has instituted criminal proceedings, nothing in this subsection shall prevent the withdrawal of those proceedings by or at the instance of that person or authority and with the leave of the court.

4. For the purposes of this section, any appeal from any judgment in any criminal proceedings before any court, or any case stated or question of law reserved to any other court for the purpose of any such proceedings, shall be deemed to be part of those proceedings.

5. The Director of Public Prosecutions shall not exercise the power under subsection (2) (c) to discontinue proceedings with respect to any appeal by a person convicted in any criminal proceedings or to any case stated or question of law reserved at the instance of such a person.

1. Save as provided in section 99 (3), such powers as are vested in the office of the Director of Public Prosecutions may be exercised by the person appointed to that office or, subject to his or her general or special instructions or to an Act of Parliament, by—

a. persons in the public service acting as his or her subordinate; or

b. such other legally qualified persons on instructions from the Director of Public Prosecution.

2. Notwithstanding subsection (1)—

a. the person appointed to the office of Director of Public Prosecutions shall be accountable to the Legal Affairs Committee of the National Assembly for the exercise of such powers in his or her own behalf and those powers exercised on his or her behalf by subordinates in accordance with subsection (1); and

b. an Act of Parliament shall prescribe restrictions relating to the exercise of powers under this section by any member of the Malawi Police Service.

1. Appointment to the office of Director of Public Prosecutions shall be made by the President and confirmed by the Public Appointments Committee subject to satisfying requirements as to competence of the person so appointed to perform the duties of that office and as to capacity of a person so appointed to pursue prosecutions independently.

2. In the exercise of the powers conferred on him or her by this Constitution or any other law, the Director of Public Prosecutions shall be subject only to the general or special directions of the Attorney General but shall otherwise act independent of the direction or control of any other authority or person and in strict accordance with the law:

Provided that the Director of Public Prosecutions or the Attorney General may be summoned by the Legal Affairs Committee of Parliament to appear before it to give account for the exercise of those powers.

1. The office of the Director of Public Prosecutions shall become vacant after the person holding that office has served five years or on his or her resignation or retirement whichever is sooner:

Provided that the person holding that office may be appointed for such further terms, not exceeding five years, as the President considers appropriate.

2. A person holding the office of the Director of Public Prosecutions may be removed from the office by the President before the expiration of his or her term of office, if the President is satisfied that the person holding that office—

a. is incompetent in the exercise of his or her duties;

b. is compromised in the exercise of his or her duties to the extent that his or her ability to exercise his or her functions impartially is in serious question;

c. is otherwise incapacitated; or

d. has attained the age prescribed for retirement.

1. All courts and all persons presiding over those courts shall exercise their functions, powers and duties independent of the influence and direction of any other person or authority.

2. The judiciary shall have jurisdiction over all issues of judicial nature and shall have exclusive authority to decide whether an issue is within its competence.

3. There shall be no courts established of superior or concurrent jurisdiction with the Supreme Court of Appeal or High Court.

1. There shall be a Supreme Court of Appeal for Malawi, which shall be a superior court of record and shall have such jurisdiction and powers as may be conferred on it by this Constitution or by any other law.

2. The Supreme Court of Appeal shall be the highest appellate court and shall have jurisdiction to hear appeals from the High Court and such other courts and tribunals as an Act of Parliament may prescribe.

1. The Justices of the Supreme Court of Appeal shall be—

a. the Chief Justice;

b. such number of other Justices of Appeals not being less than three, as may be prescribed by an Act of Parliament.

2. When the Supreme Court of Appeal is determining any matter, other than an interlocutory matter, it shall be composed of an uneven number of Justices of Appeal, not being less than three.

3. A Justice of the Supreme Court of Appeal may only be appointed in accordance with section 111.

1. If, by reason of a vacancy of office, or by reason of the operation of section 107, there are less than three serving Justices of Appeal, then the President may, on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission, appoint judges of the High Court, to serve as Acting Justices of Appeal.

2. An Acting Justice of Appeal shall hold that office only until such time as he or she is appointed Chief Justice or Justice of Appeal in accordance with section 111, but he or she shall cease to serve as a Justice of Appeal if—

a. there are more than three serving Justices of Appeal, either by reason of a vacancy or vacancies being filled in accordance with section 111 or where such Justices of Appeal or Acting Justices of Appeal as have been excused from serving on the Supreme Court are able to resume their duties in accordance with section 107;

b. he or she is excused from his or her duties as a Justice of Appeal or an Acting Justice of Appeal in accordance with section 107.

1. A Justice of Appeal or Acting Justice of Appeal shall be excused from serving on the Supreme Court of Appeal only for such time as is reasonably necessary and only—

a. by reason of that Justice of Appeal or Acting Justice of Appeal having been a party to proceedings in a lower court, the decision of which is being appealed to the Supreme Court of Appeal; or

b. for such other reason that the Chief Justice or Judicial Service Commission considers would prevent him or her from performing the duties of his or her office.

2. For the purposes of this section “a party to proceedings” shall include—

a. any person exercising a judicial function in those proceedings;

b. having been retained for the purposes of legally representing a party to the proceedings; or

c. being retained for the purposes of legal advice to party to the proceedings.

1. There shall be a High Court for the Republic which shall have unlimited original jurisdiction to hear and determine any civil or criminal proceedings under any law.

2. The High Court shall have original jurisdiction to review any law, and any action or decision of the Government, for conformity with this Constitution, save as otherwise provided by this Constitution and shall have such other jurisdiction and powers as may be conferred on it by this Constitution or any other law.

1. There shall be such courts, subordinate to the High Court, as may be prescribed by an Act of Parliament which shall be presided over by professional magistrates and lay magistrates.

2. There shall be an Industrial Relations Court, subordinate to the High Court, which shall have original jurisdiction over labour disputes and such other issues relating to employment and shall have such composition and procedure as may be specified in an Act of Parliament.

3. Parliament may make provision for traditional or local courts presided over by lay persons or chiefs:

Provided that the jurisdiction of such courts shall be limited exclusively to civil cases at customary law and such minor common law and statutory offences as prescribed by an Act of Parliament.

4. Appeals from subordinate courts shall lie to the High Court, unless provided in this Constitution or by an Act of Parliament.

1. The Chief Justice shall be appointed by the President and confirmed by the National Assembly by a majority of two-thirds of the members present and voting.

2. All other judges shall be appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission.

3. Magistrates and persons appointed to other judicial offices shall be appointed by the Chief Justice on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission and shall hold office until the age of seventy unless sooner removed by the Chief Justice on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission.

4. For the purposes of this Chapter “judicial office” means the office of—

a. a Justice of Appeal or Acting Justice of Appeal;

b. a Judge of the High Court or Acting Judge of the High Court;

c. the Registrar or Deputy Registrar of the Supreme Court of Appeal or High Court;

d. a magistrate of whatever grade; and

e. a person presiding over a traditional or local court.

5. A person appointed to fill a vacancy in the office of a Judge shall not be required, on being so appointed, to serve in an acting capacity.

6. For the purposes of this Chapter “judge” shall mean the Chief Justice, a Justice of Appeal, an Acting Justice of Appeal, a Judge of the High Court or an Acting Judge of the High Court.

1. A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a judge unless that person—

a. is, or has been, a judge of a court having unlimited jurisdiction in criminal or civil proceedings; or

b. is entitled to practise as a legal practitioner or an advocate or a solicitor in such a court and has been entitled so to practise for not less than ten years.

2. For the purposes of this section, a person shall be regarded as entitled to practise as a legal practitioner or an advocate or a solicitor if that person has been called, enrolled or otherwise admitted as such and has not been subsequently disbarred or removed from the roll of legal practitioners or advocates or solicitors notwithstanding that the person—

a. holds or acts in any office the holder of which is, by reason of his or her office, precluded from practising in court; or

b. does not hold a practising certificate and has not satisfied any other like condition of his or her being permitted to practise.

1. If the office of Chief Justice is vacant, or if the Chief Justice for any reason will not perform the functions of his or her office, then, until a person has been appointed to and has assumed the functions of that office, or until the person holding that office has resumed those functions, as the case may be, those functions shall be performed by the most senior judge then sitting on the Supreme Court of Appeal, or in the event that a Supreme Court judge is not available, then, by the most senior judge sitting on the High Court, appointed by the President after consultation with the Judicial Service Commission.

2. If any judicial office is vacant or if any judge is appointed to act as Chief Justice, or is for any reason unable to perform the functions of his or her office, the President, on the recommendations of the Judicial Service Commission, may appoint a person qualified for appointment to that judicial office under this section to act in that office.

1. The Chief Justice and all other holders of judicial office shall receive a salary and other employment benefits for their services and, on retirement, such pension, gratuity or other allowance as may, from time to time, be determined by the National Assembly.

2. The salary, any allowance and other employment benefits of a holder of judicial office shall not without his or her consent be reduced during his or her period of office and shall be increased at intervals so as to retain its original value and shall be a charge upon the Consolidated Fund.

1. Subject to this section, a person holding the office of Judge shall vacate that office on attaining the age prescribed in subsection (6):

Provided that the President, after consultation with the Judicial Service Commission, may permit a Judge who has attained that age to continue in office for such period as may be necessary to enable him or her to deliver judgment or to do any other thing in relation to proceedings that were commenced before him or her before he or she attained that age.

2. A person holding the office of Judge may be removed from office only for incompetence in the performance of the duties of his or her office or for misbehaviour, and shall not be so removed except in accordance with subsections (3) and (4).

3. The President may by an instrument under the Public Seal and in consultation with the Judicial Service Commission remove from office any Judge where a motion praying for his or her removal on the ground of incompetence in the performance of the duties of his or her office or misbehaviour has been—

a. debated in the National Assembly;

b. passed by a majority of the votes of all the members of the Assembly; and

c. submitted to the President as a petition for the removal of the judge concerned:

Provided that the procedure for the removal of a judge shall be in accordance with the principles of natural justice.

4. Where notice of intention to introduce before the National Assembly a motion praying for the removal of a Judge from his or her office has been lodged in the office of the Speaker, the President may, where after consultation with the Judicial Service Commission he or she is satisfied that it is in the public interest so to do, suspend the Judge from performing the duties of his or her office.

5. The suspension of a Judge under subsection (4) may at any time be revoked by the President, after consultation with the Judicial Service Commission, and shall in any case cease to have effect where the motion is withdrawn before being debated in the National Assembly or, upon being debated, is not passed by a majority thereof.

6. The prescribed age for purposes of subsection (1) shall be the age of sixty-five years or such other age as may be prescribed by Parliament:

Provided that a law made by Parliament, to the extent that it alters the age at which a Judge shall vacate his or her office, shall not have effect in relation to a Judge after his or her appointment unless he or she consents to its having effect.

7. Where the President considers it desirable in the public interest so to do, he or she may, with the consent of the person concerned, assign a person holding the office of Judge to any other office in the public service for such period as the President may determine during which that person may cease to perform the duties of his or her office as Judge; but so, however, that—

a. such assignment shall notbe regarded as removal of that person under subsection (2) from his or her office as Judge;

b. the resumption by that person of the duties of his or her office as Judge shall not require formal re-appointment;

c. the retirement age of that person shall be that prescribed for Judges under subsection (1).

1. Nominations for appointment to the office of Ombudsman shall be received from the public by way of a public advertisement placed by the Clerk to the National Assembly and the successful candidate shall be appointed by the Public Appointments Committee in accordance with the requirements of this section.

2. The person appointed to the office of Ombudsman shall—

a. have sufficient knowledge of the law;

b. be publicly regarded as a person who can make impartial judgments;

c. have sufficient knowledge of the workings of Government;

d. not have had any criminal convictions and not have been a bankrupt;

e. be otherwise competent and capable of performing the duties of his or her office;

f. not be the President, Vice-President, a Minister or Deputy Minister, a serving public officer in any public office other than that of Ombudsman or a member of Parliament; and

g. not hold any other public office unless otherwise provided for in this Constitution.

1. The office of the Ombudsman may investigate any and all cases where it is alleged that a person has suffered injustice and it does not appear that there is any remedy reasonably available by way of proceedings in a court or by way of appeal from a court or where there is no other practicable remedy.

2. Notwithstanding subsection (1), the powers of the office of the Ombudsman under this section shall not oust the jurisdiction of the courts and the decisions and exercise of powers by the Ombudsman shall be reviewable by the High Court on the application of any person with sufficient interest in a case the Ombudsman has determined.

1. A person appointed to the office of Ombudsman shall serve a term of not more than five years, provided that the Public Appointments Committee may appoint that person for such further terms of five years as it considers appropriate unless that Committee sooner terminates that appointment in accordance with this section.

2. A person appointed to the office of Ombudsman shall not be removed by the Public Appointments Committee, except—

a. in such circumstances where had that person not been Ombudsman, that person would have been disqualified from being appointed;

b. for gross misconduct; or

c. on reaching the age of sixty-five years.

1. The Human Rights Commission shall consist of—

a. the person for the time being holding the office of Law Commissioner;

b. the person for the time being holding the position of Ombudsman:

c. Provided that, save as prescribed by this section, no other member of the Human Rights Commission shall be a person in any public office or the President or Vice-President, a Minister or Deputy Minister or a member of Parliament.

d. such persons as shall be nominated from time to time in that behalf by those organizations that are considered in the absolute discretion of both the Law Commissioner and the Ombudsman to be reputable organizations representative of Malawian Society and that are wholly or largely concerned with the promotion of the rights and freedoms guaranteed by this Constitution or any other written law.

2. The Law Commissioner and the Ombudsman shall jointly refer the names of persons nominated under paragraph (c) of subsection (1) to the President who shall formally appoint such persons as members of the Human Rights Commission.

3. A member of the Human Rights Commission, other than a member by virtue of paragraph (a) or (b) of subsection (1), shall, save as otherwise provided by an Act of Parliament, continue to be a member of the Commission until such time as he or she is removed from office on the grounds of—

a. incompetence;

b. incapacity; or

c. in circumstances where the member is compromised to the extent that his or her ability to impartially exercise the duties of his or her office is seriously in question.

1. The President may remove the Law Commissioner or other person appointed to the Law Commission on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission if the Judicial Service Commission is satisfied that the Law Commissioner or such other person appointed to the Law Commission, as the case may be, is not competent or otherwise incapacitated so as to be unable to perform the functions of his or her office.

2. The Law Commissioner shall serve a term of not more than five years but he or she may be appointed for such further term or terms not exceeding five years as the President shall, on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission, determine.

1. No person shall institute proceedings against any Government in power after the commencement of this Constitution in respect of any alleged criminal or civil liability of the Government of Malawi in power before the commencement of this Constitution arising from abuse of power or office, save by application to the National Compensation Tribunal, which shall hear cases initiated by persons with sufficient interest.

2. The National Compensation Tribunal shall have all powers of investigation necessary to establish the facts of any case before it.

3. Notwithstanding subsection (1), the National Compensation Tribunal shall have the power to remit a case or a question of law for determination by the ordinary courts where the National Compensation Tribunal is satisfied that the Tribunal does not have jurisdiction, or where the Tribunal feels it is in the interest of justice so to do.

1. There shall be a Chairman of the National Compensation Tribunal who shall be a judge and who shall—

a. be appointed in that behalf by the Chief Justice on the nomination of the Judicial Service Commission; and

b. hold the office of Chairman of the National Compensation Tribunal for not more than three years or until such time as that person ceases to be a judge whichever is sooner.

2. The Chairman of the National Compensation Tribunal shall be assisted by such additional members and by such assessors and other experts as may be appointed in accordance with the provisions of an Act of Parliament.

1. The rules of procedure of the National Compensation Tribunal and other matters of policy or principle concerning its powers and functions shall be prescribed by or under an Act of Parliament and shall be such as shall ensure expeditious disposal of cases, which may include an informal preliminary arbitration procedure.

2. Notwithstanding subsection (1), the procedures of the National Compensation Tribunal shall—

a. conform to the standards of proof required for a normal civil court, unless the National Compensation Tribunal otherwise determines in the interest of justice in any particular case or class of cases; and

b. conform with the standards of justice set out in this Constitution and the principles of natural justice.

1. The High Court shall not be excluded from hearing applications for judicial review of the decisions of the Tribunal nor shall a determination by the Tribunal be a bar to further criminal or civil proceedings in an appropriate court against a private person for the duration of the existence of the fund.

2. A “private person” for the purposes of this section means a person who was before the commencement of this Constitution a member of the Government or of an agent of the Government, who would, under the laws then in force, have been personally liable for an act that is the subject of the criminal or civil proceedings.

1. There shall be a National Compensation Fund which shall be a trust vested in the Republic.

2. The National Compensation Fund shall be used exclusively for the purposes assigned to it by this Constitution and shall—

a. be a trust the purpose of which shall be for the exclusive benefit of those applicants to the National Compensation Tribunal who have been granted any award, gratuity, pension or other form of reparation according to the principles, procedures and rules of the National Compensation Tribunal;

b. be held in a separate account within the Reserve Bank of Malawi; and

c. have all of its reports, financial statements and information relating to its operation published and maintained for public scrutiny.

3. Subject to this Chapter, the only charges on, or disbursements to be made from, the National Compensation Fund shall be by—

a. the National Compensation Tribunal; or

b. the trustees of the Fund in so far as such disbursements or charges are necessary and prudent for the efficient operation of the Fund in accordance with its purpose as declared in this subsection.

4. There shall be not less than four trustees of the National Compensation Fund who shall be appointed from time to time by the Public Appointments Committee on the recommendation of the National Compensation Tribunal.

5. A Trustee shall hold office for the duration of the Fund unless and only in such circumstances as that trustee is removed by the Public Appointments Committee on the grounds of—

a. incompetence;

b. incapacity; or

c. being compromised in the exercise of his or her functions to the extent that his or her financial probity is in serious question.

6. Trustees of the National Compensation Fund shall exercise their functions independent of any direction or interference by any body or authority, save as is provided by this section.

7. The Auditor General shall make an annual report, to be laid before the National Assembly, on the conduct and status of the Fund which shall provide guidance to the National Assembly for voting an appropriation for the purposes of the National Compensation Fund.

8. An appropriation for the purposes of the National Compensation Fund shall be laid before the National Assembly by the Minister responsible for Finance before the beginning, and with respect to, every financial year during the life of the Fund.

9. With respect to any financial year, the Tribunal shall prescribe a period not being more than six months after the commencement of that financial year, after which the Tribunal shall not receive applications for compensation within that financial year from the National Compensation Fund.

1. The National Compensation Fund shall cease to be charged with new claims for compensation not later than ten years after the commencement of this Constitution at which time the National Compensation Tribunal shall dissolve.

2. If, with respect to any year within the period prescribed in subsection (1), and after the second year of it coming into existence, less than ten applications are made to the National Compensation Tribunal, then the Chairman of the Tribunal may direct the Minister responsible for Finance to lay before the National Assembly a Bill—

a. to dissolve the National Compensation Tribunal; and

b. to confer on the High Court jurisdiction equivalent to that of the National Compensation Tribunal to determine claims against the Government within the meaning of this Chapter.

3. Where the National Compensation Tribunal has been dissolved, for the remaining duration of the period prescribed in subsection (1) the uncommitted residue of the Fund shall remain a separate fund within the accounts of the Consolidated Fund which shall be drawn upon by the Minister responsible for Finance in respect of awards made by the High Court in relation to claims that would otherwise have been determined by the National Compensation Tribunal.

4. The National Compensation Fund shall continue until there is no longer a committed residue.

1. There shall be local government authorities which shall have such powers as are vested in them by this Constitution and an Act of Parliament.

2. Local government authorities shall be responsible for the representation of the people over whom they have jurisdiction, for their welfare and shall have responsibility for—

a. the promotion of infrastructural and economic development, through the formulation and execution of local development plans and the encouragement of business enterprise;

b. the presentation to central government authorities of local development plans and the promotion of the awareness of local issues to national government;

c. the consolidation and promotion of local democratic institutions and democratic participation; and

d. such other functions, including the registration of births and deaths and participation in the delivery of essential and local services, as may be prescribed by any Act of Parliament.

3. Parliament shall, where possible, provide that issues of local policy and administration be decided on at local levels under the supervision of local government authorities.

4. Parliament shall ensure that the composition of local government authorities includes a prescribed number of persons serving as Chiefs in the area of jurisdiction of such authorities and affords equal representation in respect of each ward within its jurisdiction, and that the boundaries of each ward shall be designated by the Electoral Commission in accordance with section 148.

1. Local government authorities shall consist of local councillors who shall be elected by free, secret and equal suffrage by the registered voters in the area over which that local government authority is to have jurisdiction and the election shall be organized, conducted and supervised by the Electoral Commission.

2. The offices of local government shall include mayors in cities and municipalities and local councillors in all areas and they shall have such functions, powers and responsibilities as shall be laid down by an Act of Parliament.

3. There shall be, in respect of each local government authority, such administrative personnel, subordinate to local councillors, as shall be required to execute and administer the lawful resolutions and policies of those councillors.

4. There shall be a Local Government Service Commission, the composition, functions, powers and procedures of which shall be provided for by an Act of Parliament.

5. Local government elections shall take place every five years on a date to be determined by the President in consultation with the Electoral Commission:

Provided that the local government authorities shall stand dissolved at the end of five years following an election.

1. Subject to the recommendations of the Electoral Commission, and in accordance with the principles laid down in this Constitution and any other law relating to national elections, there shall be drawn boundaries for local government authorities.

2. Any boundaries determining the territorial jurisdiction of any local government authority shall be geographical only, without reference to race, colour, tribe or ethnic origin of the inhabitants of the area.

1. There shall be a National Local Government Finance Committee which shall hear submissions from each and every local government authority in respect of estimates of expenditure and requests for special disbursements and shall have such other powers and functions as may be conferred on it by this Constitution or an Act of Parliament.

2. The National Local Government Finance Committee shall have the power to—

a. receive all estimates of revenue and all projected budgets of all local government authorities;

b. examine and supervise accounts of local government authorities, in accordance with any Act of Parliament, subject to the recommendations of the Auditor General;

c. make recommendations relating to the distribution of funds allocated to local government authorities, and vary the amount payable from time to time and area to area according to, and with sole consideration of, economic, geographic and demographic variables;

d. prepare a consolidated budget for all local government authorities and estimates after consultation with the Treasury, which shall be presented to the National Assembly for information purposes by the Minister responsible for Local Government before the commencement of each financial year; and

e. make application to that Minister for supplementary funds where necessary.

1. The members of the National Local Government Finance Committee shall be—

a. one person who shall be nominated from time to time in that behalf by a caucus of local government authorities;

b. the Principal Secretary for Local Government;

c. one person who is a professionally qualified and practising accountant appointed by the Public Appointments Committee on the recommendation of the Minister responsible for Local Government;

d. the Chairperson of the Civil Service Commission or such member of that Commission as shall be nominated by the Chairperson from time to time in that behalf;

e. one person who shall be nominated from time to time in that behalf by the Electoral Commission; and

f. the Principal Secretary responsible for finance or his or her senior representative.

2. Except for persons who are or become members of the Local Government Finance Committee under subsection (1) (b), (d), (e), or (f), the term of office of a member of the National Local Government Finance Committee shall expire—

a. three years after the date that member was first appointed; or

b. on removal by the President on the recommendation of the Public Appointments Committee, but no member shall be recommended for removal under this paragraph unless the Public Appointments Committee is satisfied that he or she is—

i. not competent to exercise the duties of that office;

ii. compromised to the extent that his or her financial probity is in serious question; or

iii. otherwise incapacitated.

3. for the purposes of subsection (1) (a), the Minister responsible for Local Government shall convene a caucus of local government authorities within thirty days of the election of those authorities.

1. The Malawi Police Service shall be an independent organ of the executive which shall be there to provide for the protection of public safety and the rights of persons in Malawi according to the prescriptions of this Constitution and any other law.

2. The Malawi Police Service shall enjoy only such powers as are necessary for the protection of rights under this Constitution and the maintenance of public safety and public order in accordance with the prescriptions of this Constitution and the law.

3. In the exercise of their functions, members of the Malawi Police Service shall be subject to the direction of the courts and shall be bound by the orders of such courts.

4. Political responsibility for the Malawi Police Service shall vest in a Minister of the Government who shall ensure that the discipline and conduct of the Malawi Police Service accords with the prescriptions of this Constitution and any other law.

1. There shall be an Inspector General of Police who shall be the Head of the Malawi Police Service whose office shall be a public office and shall be accountable to the Minister responsible for the Police.

2. The Inspector General of Police shall be appointed by the President and confirmed by the National Assembly by a majority of the members present and voting, but the Public Appointments Committee may at any time inquire as to the competence of the person so appointed to carry out the duties of that office and as to such other questions as may have direct bearing on the performance of the duties of that office.

3. The office of the Inspector General of Police shall become vacant after the person holding that office has served for five years, but the person holding that office may be nominated for such further terms, not exceeding five years, as the President may deem appropriate.

4. A person holding the office of Inspector General of Police shall be subject to removal by the President only by reason of that person being—

a. incompetent in the exercise of his or her duties;

b. compromised in the exercise of his or her duties to the extent that his or her capacity to exercise his or her powers impartially is in serious question;

c. otherwise incapacitated; and

d. over the age prescribed for retirement.

5. In the exercise of the duties and powers vested in the office of the Inspector General of Police by this Constitution or any other law, the person holding that office shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority, other than as prescribed in this Constitution or an Act of Parliament.

6. The Inspector General of Police may delegate such powers as are conferred on him or her by this Constitution or by an Act of Parliament to such other persons or authorities, being part of the Malawi Police Service, as he or she may consider appropriate.

7. With respect to any powers under this section, the Inspector General of Police shall notify the Police Service Commission of any delegation and the Police Service Commission may prescribe any regulations it considers appropriate in relation to the manner and form of reports that the person exercising that power shall make and shall specify such restrictions as may be required to ensure the proper exercise of the powers delegated under this section in accordance with the law.

1. There shall be a Police Service Commission with such powers and functions as are conferred upon it by this Constitution or an Act of Parliament.

2. Subject to this Constitution, power to appoint persons to hold or act in offices in the Malawi Police Service other than that of Inspector General of Police, including the power to confirm appointments, and to remove such persons from office shall vest in the Police Service Commission.

3. The Police Service Commission shall, subject to this Constitution and any general directions of an Act of Parliament, exercise disciplinary control over persons holding or acting in any office to which this section applies.

1. The Police Service Commission may, subject to such conditions as may be laid down by an Act of Parliament, delegate powers conferred by this Constitution or an Act of Parliament by directions in writing to any member of the Commission or to any public officer or public body.

2. Where any person or body may from time to time exercise powers under this section on behalf of the Police Service Commission in accordance with subsection (1), the Police Service Commission shall—

a. require that person or body to furnish reports in such manner or form as the Commission may prescribe in the directions which delegated those powers; and

b. hear such complaints or appeals from persons with sufficient interest relating to the exercise of powers delegated under this section and shall have the authority to—

i. quash the decision of a person or body exercising such powers;

ii. exercise such disciplinary powers in relation to such person or body, subject to the conditions laid down by an Act of Parliament; and

iii. revoke directions delegating powers to any person or body:

Provided that nothing in this section shall prejudice the right of any person who is the subject of a decision made by or on behalf of the Police Service Commission to appeal to the High Court or the right of any person with sufficient interest in such a decision to petition the High Court for judicial review of that decision.

1. The Police Service Commission shall consist of the following members—

a. such Justice of Appeal or Judge as may for the time being be nominated in that behalf by the Judicial Service Commission and who shall be the Chairman of the Police Service Commission;

b. such member of the Civil Service Commission as may for the time being be nominated in that behalf by the Civil Service Commission;

c. the Inspector General of Police or such senior officer in the Malawi Police Service as the Inspector General may for the time being nominate in that behalf;

d. the Ombudsman; and

e. such legal practitioner as may for the time being be nominated in that behalf by the President and confirmed by the Public Appointments Committee.

2. Any three members of the Police Service Commission shall form a quorum.

3. A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a member of the Police Service Commission if he or she is President, Vice-President, a Minister or Deputy Minister, a Member of Parliament or, save as provided in subsection (1) (c), a police officer.

4. Subject to this section, the office of a member of the Police Service Commission shall become vacant—

a. at the expiration of three years from the date of that person’s appointment, unless reappointed to a new three year term: Provided that this paragraph shall not apply where the member in question still holds the office of Inspector General of Police or of Ombudsman, or other office in which behalf that person was appointed to the Police Service Commission; or

b. if any circumstances arise that, if that person were not a member of the Police Service Commission, would cause that person to be disqualified from appointment as such.

1. Members of the Malawi Police Service shall ensure that they exercise their functions, powers and duties as impartial servants of the general public and the Government of the day.

2. No member of the Malawi Police Service shall be permitted to participate directly in political activities:

Provided that—

a. any member of the Malawi Police Service of Malawi shall have the right to resign in order to participate directly in political activities;

b. nothing in this section shall be deemed to prejudice any member of the Malawi Police Service having the absolute right to vote in accordance with this Constitution; and

c. nothing in this subsection shall prejudice the right of any member of the Malawi Police Service to hold office in or be a member of any association, group or professional body, the purposes of which are principally to represent their members interests in relation to the terms and conditions of employment or the general carrying on of any profession or trade or the promotion of any interest, not pertaining directly to the promotion of a political party, campaign or philosophy or otherwise inconsistent with the functions of the Malawi Police Service.

3. No government or political party shall cause any member of the Malawi Police Service acting in that behalf to exercise functions, powers or duties for the purposes of promoting or undermining the interests or affairs of any political party or individual member of that party, nor shall any member of the Malawi Police Service, acting in that behalf, promote or under-mine any party or individual member of that party.

4. No government or political party shall cause any member of the Malawi Police Service, acting in that behalf, to deploy resources, whether they be financial, material or human resources, for the purposes of promoting or undermining any political party or member of a political party or interest group, nor shall any member of the Malawi Police Service, acting in that behalf, cause such deployment:

Provided that nothing in this section shall be construed as derogating from the duty of the Police to uphold the rights and afford protection to all political parties, persons and organizations equally, without fear or favour, in accordance with this Constitution and subject to any law.

5. Any member of the Malawi Police Service who contravenes this section shall be subject to such disciplinary measures as the Police Service Commission considers appropriate, taking into account the gravity and circumstances of the contravention, subject to such regulations as may be prescribed by an Act of Parliament.

6. Where the Police Service Commission is satisfied that a government or political party or member of a political party has acted in contravention of subsection (3) or subsection (4), the Police Service Commission may initiate proceedings before the High Court for punitive damages and, in the case of a contravention of subsection (4), for the recovery of such resources or sums equivalent to the benefit of the enjoyment of those resources from the government, or political party or member of a political party who has so benefitted, as the case may be.

1. The Defence Force of Malawi shall operate at all times under the direction of those civil authorities in whom this Constitution vests such power, and shall—

a. uphold the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic and guard against threats to the safety of its citizens by force of arms;

b. uphold and protect the constitutional order in the Republic and assist the civil authorities in the proper exercise of their functions under this Constitution;

c. provide technical expertise and resources to assist the civilian authorities in the maintenance of essential services in times of emergency; and

d. perform such other duties outside the territory of Malawi as may be required of them by any treaty entered into by Malawi in accordance with the prescriptions of international law, but no part of the Defence Force of Malawi shall be employed outside the territory of the Republic for more than ninety days without the approval of the National Assembly.

2. No person or authority may direct or deploy the Defence orce of Malawi to act in contravention of this Constitution.