Kyrgyzstan 2021

Article 1

1. Type of government envisioned, Separation of church and state
   The Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyzstan) is an independent, sovereign, democratic, unitary, governed by the rule of law, secular and social state.
2. The sovereignty of the Kyrgyz Republic is unlimited and extends over its entire territory.
3. The Kyrgyz Republic independently conducts its domestic and foreign policies.
4. The people of the Kyrgyz Republic are the bearer of sovereignty and the only source of state power.
5. Integration of ethnic communities
   The people of Kyrgyzstan are citizens of all ethnic groups of the Kyrgyz Republic.
6. The President and the Jogorku Kenesh have the right to speak on behalf of the people of the Kyrgyz Republic.

Article 2

1. Source of constitutional authority
   The right to independently determine the foundations of the constitutional order is the sovereign right of the people of the Kyrgyz Republic.
2. In the Kyrgyz Republic, the people's power shall be based on the principles of full power belonging to the people, protection of human and civil rights and freedoms, and free and real access to the management of the affairs of the state and society.
3. Referenda
   Citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic exercise their power directly at elections and referendums (nationwide voting), as well as through the system of state bodies and local self-government bodies on the basis of the Constitution and laws of the Kyrgyz Republic.
4. Claim of universal suffrage, Secret ballot, Restrictions on voting
   Elections and referendums shall be held on the basis of free, universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot. Citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic who have reached 18 years of age have the right to vote.
5. Referenda
   Laws and other issues of national importance may be submitted to a referendum. The procedure for holding a referendum shall be established by constitutional law.
6. It is forbidden to influence the free choice of voters by using financial, administrative and other resources prohibited by law.

Article 3

1. The territory of the Kyrgyz Republic within its borders is integral and inviolable.
2. In order to organize state administration and local self-governance, the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic is divided into administrative-territorial units defined by law.

Article 4

Article 5

1. The state and its organs serve the whole of society, not just a portion of it.
2. Actions aimed at the forcible seizure and unlawful retention of state power, appropriation of the powers of state bodies, bodies of local self-government, and their officials shall not be allowed.

   Usurpation of state power is a particularly grave crime.

Article 6.

1. This Constitution shall have supreme legal force and direct effect in the Kyrgyz Republic.
2. Constitutional laws, laws and other normative legal acts shall be adopted on the basis of the Constitution.
3. Customary international law
   The generally recognized principles and norms of international law, as well as international treaties that entered into force in accordance with the legislation of the Kyrgyz Republic, are an integral part of the legal system of the Kyrgyz Republic.

   The procedure and conditions for the application of international treaties and generally recognized principles and norms of international law shall be determined by law.

4. The official publication of laws and other normative legal acts is a prerequisite for their entry into force.
5. Protection from ex post facto laws
   A law or another normative legal act that establishes new obligations or aggravates liability shall have no retroactive effect.

Article 7

1. The People's Kurultai is a public - representative assembly.

   The People's Kurultai is a deliberative, supervisory assembly, making recommendations on areas of social development.

   The organization and procedures for the activities of the People's Kurultai shall be determined by the Constitution and constitutional law.

Article 8

1. Right to form political parties, Freedom of association, Right to join trade unions
   Political parties, labor unions and other public associations may be established in the Kyrgyz Republic for the implementation and protection of the rights, freedoms and interests of man and citizen.
2. Right to form political parties
   Political parties contribute to the diverse expression of the political will of different social strata and groups in society.
3. In the Kyrgyz Republic the following shall be prohibited:
   1. Prohibited political parties, Restrictions on political parties
      formation and functioning of party organizations in national and municipal institutions and organizations; performance of party activities by national and municipal employees, except when such work is performed beyond their official activities;
   2. Restrictions on political parties
      Membership of servicemen, law enforcement officers and judges in political parties, their statements in support of a political party;
   3. Prohibited political parties
      creation of political parties on a religious and ethnic basis, the pursuit of political goals by religious associations;
   4. creation of paramilitary formations by associations of citizens;
   5. Prohibited political parties, Restrictions on political parties
      the functioning of political parties, public and religious associations, their representative offices and branches whose activities are aiming at a violent change of the constitutional order, undermining national security, and inciting social, racial, inter-ethnic, and religious discord.
4. Restrictions on political parties
   Political parties, trade unions and other public associations shall ensure transparency of their financial and economic activities.

Article 9

1. No religion can be established as a state or obligatory religion in the Kyrgyz Republic.
2. Religion and all religious cults are separated from the state.
3. Interference of religious associations, clergymen and ministers of religion in the activities of public authorities shall be prohibited.

Article 10

1. Freedom of press
   The mass media shall be guaranteed the right to receive information from state and local self-government bodies and disseminate it, and the right to freedom of expression.
2. Freedom of press
   Censorship is not allowed in the Kyrgyz Republic. The mass media are free and shall carry out their activities in accordance with the law.
3. Information security in the Kyrgyz Republic is ensured by the state.
4. In order to protect the younger generation, activities that contradict moral and ethical values and public conscience of the people of the Kyrgyz Republic may be restricted by law.
5. Right to information
   A list of activities to be restricted and information to be restricted in access and dissemination shall be established by law.

Article 11

1. The Kyrgyz Republic has no goals of expansion, aggression or military aims.

   The armed forces of the Kyrgyz Republic are formed on the principles of self-defense and defensive sufficiency.

2. Power to declare/approve war
   The right to wage war, except for cases of aggression against the Kyrgyz Republic and other states related to collective defense obligations, shall not be recognized. In each case, the decision to send units of the Armed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic outside the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic shall be made by the Jogorku Kenesh by a majority of at least two-thirds of the total number of deputies.
3. Restrictions on the armed forces
   The use of the Armed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic for domestic political purposes is prohibited.
4. The Kyrgyz Republic seeks to coexist with other states in harmony and justice, mutually beneficial cooperation, and peaceful solutions to global and regional problems.

Article 12

Article 13

1. Official or national languages
   The Kyrgyz language is the state language of the Kyrgyz Republic. The procedure for the use of the state language is determined by constitutional law.
2. Official or national languages
   The Russian language shall be used as the official language in the Kyrgyz Republic.
3. Protection of language use, Integration of ethnic communities
   Representatives of all ethnic groups that make up the people of the Kyrgyz Republic shall be guaranteed the right to create conditions for the preservation, study and development of their native language.

Article 14

1. National flag, National anthem
   The Kyrgyz Republic has its state symbols: the Flag, the Emblem, and the Anthem. Their description and the procedure for their official use shall be established by law.
2. National capital
   Bishkek is the capital of the Kyrgyz Republic. The cities of Bishkek and Osh are cities of republican significance. The status of cities of republican significance is determined by law.
3. The monetary unit of the Kyrgyz Republic is the som.

Article 15

1. Right to own property
   In the Kyrgyz Republic, private, state, municipal and other forms of property shall be equally recognized and protected.
2. Right to own property, Protection from expropriation
   Property is inviolable. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of their property. The right of inheritance is guaranteed.
   Protection from expropriation

   The seizure of property against the will of the owner is allowed only by a court decision in accordance with the procedure established by law.

   Protection from expropriation

   The seizure of property for public and state needs, as defined by law, shall be made by court order by providing a fair and prior security for compensation for the value of the property and the losses caused by the seizure of the property.

3. Protection from expropriation
   Transfer to state ownership of property owned by citizens and legal entities (nationalization) is carried out on the basis of the law with compensation for the value of this property and other losses.
4. Right to own property
   The Kyrgyz Republic protects the property of its citizens and legal entities, as well as its property located in foreign countries.
5. Ownership of natural resources
   Monuments of historical and cultural heritage, architectural, archaeological sites and findings belong to the state and are specially protected by law.

Article 16

1. Ownership of natural resources
   The land, mineral resources, air space, waters, forests, pastures, flora and fauna, and other natural resources are the exclusive property of the Kyrgyz Republic.
2. Ownership of natural resources, Protection of environment
   Land and natural resources are used as the basis of life and activity of the people of the Kyrgyz Republic in order to maintain a unified ecological system and sustainable development, and are under the control and special protection of the state.
3. Ownership of natural resources, Right to own property
   Land, with the exception of pastures and forests, may also be privately and municipally owned.

   Land may not be privately owned by foreign citizens and legal entities with foreign participation.

4. Right to own property
   Guarantees of protection of the rights of land owners shall be determined by law.

Article 17

1. Right to establish a business
   The Kyrgyz Republic creates conditions for the development of various forms of economic activity and protects the interests of the national economy.
2. Economic plans
   The directions of economic and social development of the Kyrgyz Republic are reflected in national programs.
3. The state guarantees the protection of investments and subjects of investment activity in the manner determined by law.

Article 18

1. The state budget of the Kyrgyz Republic consists of the republican and local budgets, and includes state revenues and expenditures.
2. Tax bills
   There is a unified tax system on the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic. The right to establish taxes belongs to Jogorku Kenesh. Laws establishing new taxes and worsening the situation of taxpayers shall not have retroactive force.

Article 19

1. The state cares about the welfare of the people and their social protection.
2. Right to health care
   The Kyrgyz Republic provides support for socially vulnerable categories of citizens, labor and health protection.
3. Right to health care, State support for the elderly
   The Kyrgyz Republic develops a system of social services and healthcare, and provides guarantees of state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection.

Article 20

1. Right to found a family
   The family is the foundation of the society. The family, fatherhood, motherhood and childhood are protected by society and the state.
2. Rights or duties of parents
   Respect and care for father and mother is a sacred duty of children.
3. Children are the most important value of the Kyrgyz Republic. By creating conditions conducive to the full spiritual, moral, intellectual and physical development of children, the State fosters patriotism and citizenship.

Article 21

1. Right to culture
   The state cares about the development of the culture of the people of Kyrgyzstan with the preservation of customs and traditions that do not infringe on human rights and freedoms.
2. Reverence for elders and respect for younger generations is a sacred tradition of the people.
3. Right to culture
   The state protects the historical, material and spiritual heritage of the people of Kyrgyzstan.
4. Integration of ethnic communities
   The state ensures inter-ethnic and inter-confessional harmony.

Article 22

1. Reference to science
   The development of the society and the state relies on scientific research, modern technology and innovation.
2. The state supports all types and forms of education in educational organizations, regardless of their ownership.

   The state cares about every student and the quality of teaching and enhances the status of educators.

   Free education

   The state finances and provides material and technical support for the activities of public educational organizations.

3. Reference to science
   The state promotes the development of science, scientific and creative development, scientific and technological achievements, discoveries and inventions.
   Reference to science

   The state finances and supports scientific institutions and organizations, and implements a strategy for their development.

4. Reference to science
   The state shall ensure certification of scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel contributing to scientific and technological progress.
5. Reference to science
   The National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic, based on the principles of continuity and scientific progress, coordinates the directions in the field of fundamental and applied sciences.

Article 23.

1. Inalienable rights
   Human rights and freedoms are inalienable and belong to everyone from birth. They are recognized as absolute, inalienable and protected by law and by courts against infringement by anyone.

   Human rights and freedoms are among the highest values of the Kyrgyz Republic. They have a direct effect and determine the meaning and content of the activities of all state bodies, local selfgovernment bodies and their officials.

2. Human and civil rights and freedoms may be restricted by the Constitution and laws with the aim of protecting national security, public order, public health and morals, and the rights and freedoms of others. Such restrictions may also be imposed taking into account the specifics of the military or other state services. The restrictions imposed must be proportionate to the stated goals.
3. The adoption of by-laws restricting human and civil rights and freedoms shall be prohibited.
4. The law may not impose restrictions on human rights and freedoms for other purposes and to a greater extent than those provided for in the Constitution.
5. No restrictions shall be placed on the human rights and freedoms established by the Constitution.
6. The constitutionally established guarantees against prohibition are not subject to any limitation.

Article 24.

1. General guarantee of equality
   The Kyrgyz Republic shall respect and ensure protection of the rights and freedoms of all persons within its territory and jurisdiction.
   Equality regardless of gender, Equality regardless of race, Equality regardless of language, Equality for persons with disabilities, Equality regardless of age, Equality regardless of religion, Equality regardless of political party, Equality regardless of origin, Equality regardless of financial status, Freedom of opinion/thought/conscience

   No one shall be subjected to discrimination on the basis of sex, race, language, disability, ethnicity, religion, age, political or other opinion, education, origin, property or other status, or other circumstances.

   Binding effect of const rights

   Persons who have committed discrimination are liable in accordance with the law.

   Special measures established by law and aimed at ensuring equal opportunities for various social groups in accordance with international obligations do not constitute discrimination.

2. General guarantee of equality
   In the Kyrgyz Republic, everyone is equal before the law and the courts.
3. Equality regardless of gender
   In the Kyrgyz Republic, men and women have equal rights and freedoms and equal opportunities for their realization.

Article 25.

1. Right to life, Prohibition of capital punishment
   Everyone in the Kyrgyz Republic has an inalienable right to life. Encroachment on personal life and health shall not be permitted. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of life. Death penalty shall be prohibited.
2. Everyone shall have the right to defend his life and health and the lives and health of others against unlawful encroachments, within the limits of necessary defense.

Article 26.

1. Regulation of marriage, Provision for civil marriage
   A family shall be created on the basis of the voluntary marriage of a man and a woman who have attained the legal age of marriage. Marriage shall not be permitted without the consent of the two persons entering into the marriage. Marriage shall be registered by the state.
2. Rights or duties of parents
   Child care and upbringing shall be equally the right and duty of both father and mother. Adult children capable of working are obliged to take care of their parents.
3. Provision for matrimonial equality
   Spouses shall have equal rights and responsibilities in marriage and the family.

Article 27

1. Every child has the right to a standard of living necessary for their physical, mental, inner spiritual, moral and social development.
2. Rights or duties of parents
   The principle of the best interests of the child applies in the Kyrgyz Republic. The responsibility for providing the living conditions necessary for the child's development rests with each of the parents, guardians, and custodians.
3. Free education, State support for children
   The state takes care of, raises and educates orphans and children left without parental care up to the age of 18. At the same time, they are given an opportunity to receive free secondary and higher vocational education. They are provided with social security.

Article 28.

1. Prohibition of slavery
   Slavery and human trafficking are not allowed in the Kyrgyz Republic.
2. Limits on employment of children
   Exploitation of child labor is prohibited.
3. Prohibition of slavery, Duty to serve in the military
   Forced labor is prohibited, except in cases of war, liquidation of the consequences of natural disasters and other emergencies, as well as by way of execution of a court decision. Involvement in military or alternative (non-military) service is not considered forced labor.

Article 29.

1. Right to privacy, Human dignity
   Everyone shall have the right to privacy and to protection of honor and dignity.
   Human dignity

   Human dignity in the Kyrgyz Republic is absolute and inviolable.

2. No one shall be subjected to criminal prosecution for disseminating information that defames or humiliates the honor and dignity of a person.
3. Right to privacy, Telecommunications
   Everyone shall have the right to the privacy of correspondence, telephone and other conversations, postal, telegraphic, electronic and other communications. Restriction of these rights shall be allowed only in accordance with the law and on the basis of a court decision.
4. Right to privacy
   Collection, storage, use and dissemination of confidential information, information about a person's private life without his/her consent, except in cases established by law, shall not be allowed.
5. Right to privacy
   Everyone shall be guaranteed protection, including judicial protection, against unlawful collection, storage and dissemination of confidential information and information about a person's private life, and also guaranteed the right to compensation for material and moral harm caused by unlawful actions.

Article 30.

1. Right to privacy
   Everyone has the right to inviolability of the home and other facilities in their possession or another title. No one may enter a dwelling or another facility against the will of the person who uses them.
2. Regulation of evidence collection
   Search, seizure, inspection and other actions, as well as entry by authorities into a dwelling and other property or other objects under the right, shall be allowed only on the basis of a court decision.
3. Regulation of evidence collection
   In exceptional cases provided for by law, search, seizure, inspection and other actions, entry by authorities into a dwelling and other facilities in the possession or under another title shall be permitted without a court decision. The legality and validity of such actions shall be subject to review by a court.
4. The guarantees and restrictions set forth in this article shall also apply to legal entities.

Article 31.

1. Freedom of movement
   Everyone shall have the right to freedom of movement, choice of place of stay and residence within the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic.
2. Freedom of movement, Restrictions on entry or exit
   A citizen of the Kyrgyz Republic shall have the right to freely depart from and return to, the Kyrgyz Republic. Restrictions on the right of departure leave are allowed only on the basis of the law.

   The right of citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic to unimpeded return shall not be subject to any restrictions.

Article 32.

1. Freedom of opinion/thought/conscience
   Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought and opinion.
2. Freedom of expression, Freedom of press
   Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression, freedom of speech and freedom of the press.
3. Freedom of opinion/thought/conscience
   No one may be compelled to express or refuse to express their opinion.
4. Propaganda of national, racial, religious hatred, gender and other social superiority, calling for discrimination, hostility or violence shall be prohibited.

Article 33.

1. Everyone shall have the right to freely seek, receive, store, use and disseminate information orally, in writing, or by other means.
2. Everyone shall have the right to familiarize with information about themselves held by national and local governmental bodies, institutions and organizations.
3. Everyone shall have the right to receive information about the activities of national governmental bodies, local self-government bodies and their officials, legal entities with the participation of the national and local governmental bodies, as well as organizations financed from the state and local budgets.
4. Everyone shall be guaranteed access to information held by national and local governmental bodies and their officials. The procedure for providing information shall be determined by law.

Article 34.

1. Freedom of opinion/thought/conscience
   Everyone shall be guaranteed freedom of conscience and religion.
2. Everyone shall have the right to profess any or no religion individually or in association with others.
3. Everyone shall have the right to freely choose and enjoy religious and other beliefs.
4. No one shall be compelled to express or deny their religious or other beliefs.

Article 35.

Article 36.

Article 37.

1. Claim of universal suffrage, Referenda
   Citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic shall have the right to elect and be elected to national and local governmental bodies, as well as to participate in referenda.
2. Citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic shall have the right to participate in the management of public and state affairs both directly and through their representatives.
3. Citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic shall have equal rights and opportunities when entering the state and municipal service and promotion in the manner prescribed by law.
4. Citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic have the right to participate in the discussion and adoption of laws and decisions of the national and local importance.
5. Right of petition
   Everyone shall have the right to appeal to bodies of state power, bodies of local self-government and their officials, who shall be obliged to provide a substantiated response within a period prescribed by law.
6. Citizens shall have the right to participate in the formation of the state and local budgets, as well as to receive information about the funds actually spent from the budget.

Article 38.

Article 39.

1. Freedom of assembly
   Everyone shall have the right to freedom of peaceful assembly. No one shall be compelled to take part in an assembly.
2. In order to ensure a peaceful assembly, everyone shall have the right to submit a notification to national or local authorities.
3. Organizers and participants of peaceful assemblies shall not be responsible for failure to submit a notification of a peaceful assembly, to comply with the notification format, its content or the deadline for its submission.
4. The organization and conduct of peaceful assemblies shall be determined by law.

Article 40.

Article 41.

Article 42.

1. Right to choose occupation, Right to safe work environment, Right to just remuneration
   Everyone has the right to freedom of labor, the right to dispose of their abilities to work, to choose a profession and occupation, the right to protection and working conditions that meet health and safety requirements, and the right to receive wages not lower than the subsistence minimum established by law.
2. Right to rest and leisure
   Everyone has the right to rest.
3. Right to rest and leisure
   Maximum working hours, minimum weekly hours of rest and a paid annual leave, as well as other basic conditions for exercising the right to rest shall be determined by law.
4. Right to strike
   Citizens shall have the right to strike. The procedure and conditions of strikes are determined by law.

Article 43.

1. Everyone has the right to health care and health insurance. The conditions of health insurance shall be defined by law.
2. The state shall create conditions for the medical care for all and shall take measures for the development of national, municipal, private and other kinds of health care organizations. The state shall create necessary conditions for employees of medical institutions and provide them with social security.
3. Citizens have the right to free use of the network of public healthcare facilities. Medical care, including on preferential terms, at the expense of the state is carried out within the scope of state guarantees provided by law.
4. Concealment by officials of facts and circumstances creating a threat to the life and health of people shall entail liability established by law.
5. Paid medical services for citizens shall be allowed on the grounds and in the manner prescribed by law.

Article 44.

1. State support for the elderly, State support for the unemployed, State support for the disabled
   In the manner and cases provided for by law, social security shall be guaranteed in the Kyrgyz Republic at the expense of the state in old age, in the event of illness, loss of the ability of work, loss of a breadwinner, and disability.
2. Right to reasonable standard of living
   Pension, social allowance and other social assistance ensure a standard of living not lower than the minimum subsistence level established by law.
3. State support for the disabled, Equality for persons with disabilities
   The state ensures the functioning of the system of social protection for disabled persons, based on their full and equal exercise of human and civil rights and freedoms, their social integration without any discrimination, creation of an accessible environment for disabled persons and the improvement of their quality of life.
4. The state encourages voluntary social insurance, the creation of additional forms of social security and charitable activities.
5. The social activity of the state must not take the form of state patronage that restricts the economic freedom, activity, and opportunities of the citizen to achieve economic well-being for themselves and their family.

Article 45.

1. Everyone has the right to housing.
2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of their home.
3. State bodies and local self-government bodies shall encourage housing construction and create conditions for the realization of the right to housing.
4. Low-income and other vulnerable persons are provided with housing from state, municipal and other housing funds or in social institutions on the grounds and in the manner prescribed by law.

Article 46.

1. Everyone has the right to education.
2. Compulsory education
   Basic general education is compulsory.
3. Free education
   Everyone shall have the right to receive free pre-school, basic general, secondary general and primary vocational education in state educational organizations.
4. Official or national languages
   The state shall create conditions for teaching every citizen the state, the official and a foreign language, starting from pre-school educational institutions to secondary general education.
5. The state shall create equal conditions for the development of national, municipal, private and other forms of educational institutions.
6. The state shall create conditions for the development of physical culture and sports.
7. The state shall assist in the improvement of professional qualifications of citizens in the manner prescribed by law.

Article 47.

1. Rights of children
   In the Kyrgyz Republic, young people are guaranteed the right to spiritual, cultural, moral and physical development.
2. State support for children
   The state ensures the implementation of youth policy aimed at creating necessary conditions for the education and employment of young people, supporting young families, free participation of young people in political, social, economic, cultural and other spheres of activity.

Article 48.

1. Right to academic freedom, Reference to art, Reference to science
   Everyone shall be guaranteed the freedom of scientific, technical, artistic and other types of creative activity, teaching and learning for the purpose of self-realization and personal development. Everyone shall have the right to exercise creative activity in accordance with their interests and abilities.
2. Right to culture
   Everyone has the right to participate in cultural life and to have access to cultural values.
3. The state creates conditions for increasing the legal culture and legal awareness of citizens.
4. Provisions for intellectual property
   Intellectual property is protected by law.

Article 49.

1. Protection of environment
   Everyone shall have the right to an ecological environment favorable to life and health.
2. Everyone shall have the right to compensation for damage to health or property caused by actions in the field of natural resources management.
3. Protection of environment
   Everyone shall have the duty to protect and care for the natural environment, flora and fauna.

Article 50.

Article 51.

1. Citizenship of the Kyrgyz Republic is a stable legal relationship between a person and the state, expressed in a set of their mutual rights and obligations.
2. Conditions for revoking citizenship, International law
   No citizen may be deprived of their citizenship. Persons who are citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic may be recognized as citizens of another state in accordance with the laws and international treaties to which the Kyrgyz Republic is a party.
3. Requirements for naturalization
   Everyone who has proven their affiliation with the people of Kyrgyzstan has the right to acquire citizenship of the Kyrgyz Republic in a simplified procedure.
   Requirements for naturalization

   Kyrgyz people residing outside the Kyrgyz Republic, despite having citizenship of another state, have the right to obtain citizenship of the Kyrgyz Republic under the simplified procedure. The procedure and conditions for acquiring citizenship of the Kyrgyz Republic are determined by law.

4. The passport of a Kyrgyz citizen is the property of the state.
5. Power to deport citizens, Extradition procedure
   A Kyrgyz citizen may not be deported from the republic or extradited to another state.
6. The Kyrgyz Republic guarantees its citizens protection and patronage outside its borders.
7. Foreign citizens or stateless persons who were previously citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic have the right to obtain a residence permit under the simplified procedure.

Article 52.

1. Equality regardless of nationality, International law
   Foreign citizens and stateless persons in the Kyrgyz Republic shall have rights and obligations equal to citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic, except in cases established by law or an international treaty entered into force in the manner prescribed by law to which the Kyrgyz Republic is a party.
2. Protection of stateless persons
   In accordance with its international obligations, the Kyrgyz Republic shall grant political asylum to foreign citizens and stateless persons persecuted on political grounds, as well as on grounds of violations of human rights and freedoms.
   Protection of stateless persons

   A person granted political asylum may not be extradited to another state.

Article 53.

1. Observance of the rules and norms of social behavior, respectful attitude to the interests of society is the duty of every person. The exercise by a person of their rights and freedoms must not violate the rights and freedoms of others.
2. Everyone has the right to carry out any actions and activities, except for those prohibited by the Constitution and laws.
3. Duty to obey the constitution
   Everyone shall be obliged to comply with the Constitution and laws, and to respect the rights, freedoms, honor and dignity of others.

Article 54.

1. Duty to serve in the military
   Defense of the Fatherland is a sacred duty and obligation of the citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic.
2. Duty to serve in the military, Right to conscientious objection
   Citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic shall perform military service within the limits and conditions prescribed by law. The grounds and procedure for exemption from military service or its replacement by alternative service shall be established by law.

Article 55.

Article 56.

1. The state shall ensure the rights and freedoms of citizens, in the manner prescribed by the Constitution and laws.
2. In the Kyrgyz Republic, no laws shall be passed that abolish or diminish human rights and freedoms.
3. Restrictions concerning the physical and moral integrity of the individual are permissible only on the basis of the law, by a court sentence, as punishment for a committed crime.
4. Prohibition of torture, Prohibition of cruel treatment
   No one shall be subjected to torture or other inhuman, cruel or degrading treatment or punishment.
5. Human dignity
   Everyone deprived of their liberty has the right to be treated humanely, without degrading their human dignity.
6. Medical, biological, psychological experiments on people without their voluntary consent, expressed and properly certified, are prohibited.

Article 57.

1. Presumption of innocence in trials
   Everyone shall be presumed innocent of committing a crime and/or offense until their guilt is proven in the manner prescribed by law and established by a court sentence that has entered into legal force. Violation of this principle shall be a ground for judicial compensation of material and moral damages.
2. Presumption of innocence in trials
   No one is obliged to prove their innocence. Any doubt of guilt shall be construed in favor of the accused.
3. Protection from self-incrimination
   No one can be convicted merely on the basis of their own confession to a crime.
4. Regulation of evidence collection
   The burden of proof rests with the prosecution. Evidence obtained in violation of law may not be used to justify the charges and render a judgment.
5. Protection from self-incrimination
   No one shall be obliged to testify or give evidence against themselves, their spouses or close relatives whose list shall be determined by law.

Article 58.

1. Jury trials required
   Everyone shall have the right to trial by jury in cases provided for by law.
2. Every convicted person shall have the right to seek pardon and commutation of sentence.
3. Prohibition of double jeopardy
   No one should be held legally responsible twice for the same offense.
4. Right to appeal judicial decisions
   Every convicted person shall have the right to have their case heard by a higher court in accordance with the law.
5. International law
   Everyone shall have the right to appeal for the protection of their violated rights and freedoms to international human rights bodies in accordance with international treaties that have entered into force in the manner prescribed by law.

Article 59.

1. Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person.
2. Rights of debtors
   No one shall be deprived of liberty merely on the ground of inability to fulfill any civil law obligation.
3. Protection from unjustified restraint
   no one may be detained, imprisoned, or deprived of liberty except by a court order and only on the grounds and in the manner prescribed by law.
4. Protection from unjustified restraint
   No one may be detained for more than 48 hours without a court order.
   Protection from unjustified restraint

   Prior to the expiry of 48 hours from detention, every detained person shall be promptly brought before a court to decide on the legality and validity of their detention. If the reason for the detention is no longer valid, the person must be immediately released.

   The law may establish shorter periods of detention in individual cases.

5. Guarantee of due process
   Every detained person shall be informed without delay of the reasons for the detention, and their rights shall be explained to them.
   Right to counsel, Guarantee of due process

   From the moment of detention, the person shall be provided with protection, the opportunity to defend themselves, to have qualified legal assistance from a lawyer, and the right to a medical examination and the assistance of a doctor.

6. Protection from false imprisonment
   Every person detained or imprisoned in violation of the provisions of this article shall be entitled to reparation at the expense of the State, with compensation in the manner and amount prescribed by law.

   In the case of a knowingly unlawful and unjustified detention and imprisonment, the officials shall be held criminally liable.

Article 60.

1. Protection from ex post facto laws
   A law establishing or aggravating the liability of a person shall not have retroactive force.
   Principle of no punishment without law, Protection from ex post facto laws

   No one may be held liable for acts which, at the time they were committed, were not recognized as an offence. If, after an offence has been committed, the liability for the offence is removed or mitigated, a new law shall apply.

2. The criminal law establishing liability does not apply by analogy.

Article 61.

1. International law, Customary international law
   Everyone shall be guaranteed judicial protection of their rights and freedoms provided for by the Constitution, laws, international treaties to which the Kyrgyz Republic is a party, and generally recognized principles and norms of international law.
2. Everyone shall have the right to defend his rights and freedoms and to ensure the restoration of violated rights by all available means not prohibited by law.
3. The state shall ensure the development of extrajudicial and pre-trial methods, forms and means of protecting human and civil rights and freedoms.

   For extrajudicial resolution of disputes arising from civil law relations, arbitration courts may be established. The procedure for the formation, powers and activities of arbitration courts shall be determined by law.

4. Right to counsel
   Everyone shall have the right to receive qualified legal assistance. In cases prescribed by law, legal aid shall be provided at the expense of the state.

Article 62.

1. The state guarantees the publication of laws and other normative legal acts concerning human rights, freedoms and obligations, which is a prerequisite for their application.
2. The rights and freedoms set forth in the Constitution are not exhaustive and shall not be construed to deny or diminish other universally recognized human and civil rights and freedoms.

Article 63.

1. Freedom of expression, Freedom of press
   Laws restricting freedom of speech, press and media shall be prohibited.
2. Right to privacy
   Everyone is guaranteed protection of personal data. Access to and receipt of citizens' personal data is carried out only in cases provided for by law.

Article 64.

Article 65.

Article 66

1. Name/structure of executive(s)
   The President is the head of state, the highest official and head of the executive power of the Kyrgyz Republic.
2. The president ensures the unity of the people and the state power.
3. The President is the guarantor of the Constitution, human and civil rights and freedoms.
4. The President determines the main directions of domestic and foreign policy of the state; provides unity of the state power, coordination and interaction of the governmental bodies.
5. Foreign affairs representative
   The President represents the Kyrgyz Republic in domestic and international relations; takes measures to protect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Kyrgyz Republic.

Article 67.

1. Head of state selection, Head of state term length
   The President is elected by the citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic for a period of five years.
2. Head of state term limits
   The same person cannot be elected President for more than two terms.

Article 68.

1. Age restrictions on head of state, Eligibility for head of state
   A citizen of the Kyrgyz Republic who has reached the age of 35, speaks the state language, and has lived in the republic for at least 15 years in the aggregate may be elected President.
2. Head of state selection
   There is no limit on the number of candidates for the office of president. A person who has presented a national development program and collected at least 30,000 signatures of voters may be registered as a presidential candidate.
   Head of state selection

   The procedure for the election of the President is determined by constitutional law.

Article 69.

1. The President shall take the oath of office to the people of the Kyrgyz Republic.
2. The powers of the President shall terminate upon the assumption of office by the newly elected President.
3. The President shall suspend his membership in a political party and cease any activities related to the activities of political parties during his term of office.

Article 70.

1. The President shall:
   1. Cabinet selection
      determine the structure and composition of the Cabinet of Ministers;
   2. Cabinet selection
      with the consent of the Jogorku Kenesh, appoint the Chairperson of the Cabinet of Ministers, his/her deputies and other members of the Cabinet of Ministers;
   3. accept resignation letters of the Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers, his/her deputies and other members and decide on their resignation;
   4. Cabinet removal
      on his/her own initiative or as proposed by the Jogorku Kenesh or the People's Kurultai, dismiss members of the Cabinet of Ministers and heads of executive bodies within the framework of the law;
   5. Head of state powers
      appoint and dismiss heads of other executive authorities;
   6. Head of state powers
      appoint and dismiss heads of local state administrations;
   7. Advisory bodies to the head of state, Head of state powers
      form the Presidential Administration;
   8. Advisory bodies to the head of state, Head of state powers
      form and chair the Security Council.
   9. Head of state powers
      appoint and dismiss the Secretary of State;
   10. Ombudsman
       appoint and dismiss the Ombudsman for Children's Rights.
2. The President shall:
   1. Referenda
      on its own initiative or on the initiative of at least 300,000 voters or of the majority of the total number of deputies of the Jogorku Kenesh, decide to schedule a referendum;
   2. Scheduling of elections
      schedule elections to the Jogorku Kenesh in cases stipulated by the Constitution; decide on scheduling early elections to the Jogorku Kenesh in the manner and cases stipulated by the Constitution;
   3. Municipal government
      schedule elections to local councils (keneshes); in cases and in the manner prescribed by law, dissolve local councils; appoint early elections to local councils.
3. The President shall:
   1. Initiation of general legislation
      submit draft laws to the Jogorku Kenesh;
   2. Approval or veto of general legislation
      sign and promulgate laws; return laws with objections to the Jogorku Kenesh;
   3. Legislative oversight of the executive
      address the people, the Jogorku Kenesh, and the People's Kurultai with annual messages about the situation in the country and main directions of the domestic and foreign policy;
   4. Legislative oversight of the executive
      annually submit information on his/her activities to the Jogorku Kenesh;
   5. Extraordinary legislative sessions
      have the right to call extraordinary sittings of the Jogorku Kenesh in necessary cases and determine issues to be considered;
   6. have the right to speak at sittings of the Jogorku Kenesh and the People's Kurultai.
4. The President shall:
   1. Supreme court selection, Constitutional court selection, Establishment of judicial council
      submit candidates to the Jogorku Kenesh for election as judges of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court as nominated by the Council of Justice;
   2. Constitutional court removal, Supreme/ordinary court judge removal, Establishment of judicial council
      as nominated by the Council of Judges, submit to the Jogorku Kenesh candidates of judges of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court for dismissal in cases stipulated by this Constitution and constitutional law;
   3. Ordinary court selection, Establishment of judicial council
      appoint local court judges as nominated by the Council of Justice;
   4. Supreme/ordinary court judge removal, Establishment of judicial council
      dismiss local court judges as nominated by the Council of Judges in cases provided for by the Constitution and constitutional law;
   5. Supreme court selection, Constitutional court selection, Establishment of judicial council
      as nominated by the Council of Judges, appoint presidents of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court for a five-year term from among the judges of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court, and with consent of the Jogorku Kenesh; dismiss presidents of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court in the manner prescribed by the Constitution and constitutional law;
   6. Supreme court selection, Constitutional court selection
      as nominated by presidents of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court, appoint vice- presidents of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court for a 5-year term from among the judges of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court;
5. The President shall:
   1. Attorney general
      with consent of the Jogorku Kenesh, appoint the Prosecutor General; in cases stipulated by law, dismiss the Prosecutor General with the consent of at least half of the total number of deputies of the Jogorku Kenesh; as proposed by the Prosecutor General, appoint and dismiss his/her deputies;
   2. Central bank
      propose to the Jogorku Kenesh a candidate for the position of the President of the National Bank; appoint vice-president and members of the Board of the National Bank as proposed by the President of the National Bank, and dismiss them from their positions in cases stipulated by law;
   3. Electoral commission
      propose to the Jogorku Kenesh for election or dismissal half of the members of the Central Commission for Elections and Referenda;
   4. propose to the Jogorku Kenesh for election and dismissal one third of the members of the Accounts Chamber;
   5. appoint Chairman of the Accounts Chamber from among the members of the Accounts Chamber elected by the Jogorku Kenesh, and dismiss him/her in cases provided by law.
6. The President shall:
   1. Foreign affairs representative
      represent the Kyrgyz Republic at home and abroad;
   2. Treaty ratification
      conduct negotiations and sign international treaties; have the right to delegate these powers to other officials;
   3. Treaty ratification
      sign instruments of ratification and accession to international agreements;
   4. Head of state powers, International organizations
      appoint heads of diplomatic missions of the Kyrgyz Republic in foreign countries and permanent representatives in international organizations; recall them; accept credentials and letters of recall of heads of diplomatic missions of foreign countries.
7. Head of state powers
   The President shall decide on issuance and renunciation of citizenship of the Kyrgyz Republic;
8. Designation of commander in chief, Selection of active-duty commanders
   The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic and shall determine, appoint and dismiss the highest command staff of the Armed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic.
9. The President shall:
   1. Emergency provisions
      in cases stipulated by constitutional law, announce introduction of a state of emergency, and if necessary, introduce it in certain areas without prior announcement, immediately notifying the Jogorku Kenesh;
   2. Power to declare/approve war
      declare general or partial mobilization; declare a state of war in case of aggression or immediate threat of aggression against the Kyrgyz Republic and immediately submit this issue to the Jogorku Kenesh for consideration;
   3. Emergency provisions
      declare martial law in the interests of protecting the country and providing for the security of its citizens, and immediately submit this issue to the Jogorku Kenesh for consideration.
10. The President shall:
    1. Head of state powers
       award state awards, state prizes and honorary titles of the Kyrgyz Republic;
    2. Head of state powers
       assign highest military ranks, diplomatic ranks and other special ranks;
    3. Power to pardon
       grant pardons.
11. Head of state powers
    The President shall exercise other powers stipulated by this Constitution and laws of the Kyrgyz Republic.

Article 71.

Article 72.

1. The powers of the President may be terminated prematurely in the event of his resignation, removal from office in the manner prescribed by the Constitution, also in the event of his inability to exercise the powers due to illness or in the event of his death.
2. If the President is unable to fulfil his duties due to illness, the Jogorku Kenesh shall, on the basis of a conclusion of a state medical commission established by it, decide to remove the President from office early by a two-thirds vote of the total number of deputies of the Jogorku Kenesh.

Article 73.

1. Head of state immunity
   The President may be held criminally responsible after his removal from office.
2. Head of state removal
   The President may be removed from office on the following grounds:
   • for violating the Constitution and laws;
   • for unlawful interference in the powers of the Jogorku Kenesh and the activities of the judiciary
3. Head of state removal, Constitutional court powers
   The decision of the Jogorku Kenesh to bring charges against the President to remove him from office shall be taken by a two-thirds vote of the total number of deputies of the Jogorku Kenesh as initiated by at least half of the total number of deputies with the conclusion of a special commission formed by the Jogorku Kenesh, which shall be sent to the Prosecutor General and the Constitutional Court.
4. Head of state removal, Constitutional court powers
   The President may be removed from office based on charges brought by the Jogorku Kenesh, confirmed by a conclusion of the Prosecutor General confirming the presence of criminal elements in the President’s actions and a conclusion of the Constitutional Court on compliance with the established procedure for bringing charges.
5. Head of state removal
   The decision of the Jogorku Kenesh on removing the President from office must be adopted by a majority vote of at least two-thirds of the total number of deputies of the Jogorku Kenesh no later than three months after bringing charges against the President. If the Jogorku Kenesh fails to make the decision within this period of time, the charges shall be considered as rejected.

Article 74.

1. In the event of early termination of the President's powers for reasons specified in this Constitution, his powers shall be exercised by the Toraga (Chairperson) of the Jogorku Kenesh until a new President is elected.
2. In the event the Toraga of the Jogorku Kenesh is unable to exercise the powers, the Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers shall perform the powers of the President.
3. In the event that the powers of the President cannot be exercised by the aforementioned persons, the exercise of the powers of the President shall be determined by constitutional law.

Article 75.

1. All former presidents, except those removed from office in accordance with the procedure established by the Constitution, have the title of ex-president of the Kyrgyz Republic.
2. The status of the ex-president is established by law.

Article 76.

1. Structure of legislative chamber(s)
   The Jogorku Kenesh, the Parliament of the Kyrgyz Republic, shall be the highest representative body exercising legislative power and oversight functions within its competence.
2. Size of first chamber, Term length for first chamber
   The Jogorku Kenesh shall consist of 90 deputies elected for a five year term.
   Age restrictions on first chamber, First chamber selection

   Any citizen of the Kyrgyz Republic having reached 25 years of age as of the election day and having the electoral right may be elected to the Jogorku Kenesh.

   First chamber selection

   The procedure of electing deputies to the Jogorku Kenesh shall be defined by constitutional law.

3. Removal of individual legislators
   A deputy of the Jogorku Kenesh may be recalled in the manner and cases provided for by constitutional law.
4. Deputies of the Jogorku Kenesh may unite in factions and deputy groups.

Article 77.

1. The Jogorku Kenesh shall assemble for its first session not later than 15 days after the results of elections are announced.
2. The oldest member of the Jogorku Kenesh shall open the first sitting of the Jogorku Kenesh.
3. The powers of the previous Jogorku Kenesh shall cease from the day of the first sitting of the newly convened Jogorku Kenesh.
4. The powers of deputies of the Jogorku Kenesh shall commence from the day of their taking the oath.

Article 78.

1. Immunity of legislators
   Deputies of the Jogorku Kenesh may not be prosecuted for opinions expressed in the course of their activities as deputies or for the outcome of voting in the Jogorku Kenesh. Criminal proceedings may be initiated against a deputy with the consent of the majority of the total number of deputies except when caught in the act of committing a crime.
2. Outside professions of legislators
   A deputy of the Jogorku Kenesh may not combine his/her activity as deputy with another position in the civil and municipal service, engage in entrepreneurial activity or be a member of the managerial body or supervisory council of a commercial organization.
   Reference to science, Outside professions of legislators

   A deputy of the Jogorku Kenesh may engage in scientific, teaching or another creative activity.

Article 79.

1. The powers of a deputy of the Jogorku Kenesh shall be terminated simultaneously with the termination of the relevant convocation of the Jogorku Kenesh.
2. Removal of individual legislators
   The powers of a deputy of the Jogorku Kenesh shall be terminated prematurely in the following cases:
   1. his/her submission of a letter of resignation from the office of deputy;
   2. renunciation of citizenship or acceptance of citizenship of another state;
   3. revocation of the deputy's mandate;
   4. transfer to another job or failure to leave a job incompatible with the performance of parliamentary powers;
   5. invalidation of the elections;
   6. leaving the Kyrgyz Republic for permanent residence abroad;
   7. recognition of the deputy as incapable by court;
   8. entry into legal force of a court verdict against the deputy;
   9. Attendance by legislators
      unexcused absence from sittings of the Jogorku Kenesh for 10 working days during one session;
   10. entry into legal force of a court decision to declare the deputy missing or dead;
   11. death of the deputy.
3. Removal of individual legislators, Electoral commission
   A decision on early termination of the powers of a deputy of the Jogorku Kenesh on the above grounds shall be made by the Central Commission for Elections and Referenda, adopted no later than 30 calendar days from the date the grounds arose.

Article 80.

1. The Jogorku Kenesh shall:
   1. Constitution amendment procedure
      make amendments and additions to this Constitution in the manner prescribed by the Constitution;
   2. pass laws;
   3. provide official interpretation of the laws;
   4. Treaty ratification
      ratify and denounce international treaties in the manner prescribed by law;
   5. Accession of territory, Secession of territory
      consider issues of changing state borders of the Kyrgyz Republic;
   6. Cabinet selection
      consent to the appointment of the Chairperson of the Cabinet of Ministers, their deputies and members of the Cabinet of Ministers;
   7. Budget bills
      approve the state budget;
   8. Legislative oversight of the executive
      hear the annual report of the Cabinet of Ministers on the execution of the state budget;
   9. consider issues of the administrative-territorial structure of the Kyrgyz Republic;
   10. issue acts of amnesty.
2. The Jogorku Kenesh shall:
   1. call elections of the President;
   2. Referenda
      submit to the President proposals for a referendum in the manner prescribed by this Constitution.
3. The Jogorku Kenesh shall:
   1. Supreme court selection, Constitutional court selection, Constitutional court removal, Supreme/ordinary court judge removal, Establishment of judicial council
      as nominated by the Council for Justice and as proposed by the President, at least half of the total number of deputies of the Jogorku Kenesh shall elect judges of the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court; in cases provided for in the Constitution and constitutional law, shall dismiss them as proposed by the President;
   2. Supreme court selection, Constitutional court selection
      at least half of the total number of deputies of the Jogorku Kenesh shall approve candidates nominated by the President as Presidents of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court from among the judges of the courts, for a period of 5 years;
   3. Establishment of judicial council
      give their consent to the dismissal of the Presidents of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court as recommended by the President based on a proposal of the Council of Judges, in cases prescribed by constitutional law;
   4. Establishment of judicial council
      approve the composition of the Council for Justice in the manner prescribed by constitutional law;
   5. Central bank
      elect President of the National Bank as nominated by the President and dismiss him from this position in cases prescribed by law;
   6. Electoral commission
      elect members of the Central Commission for Elections and Referenda: one half as nominated by the President, and the other half on their own initiative, and dismiss them in cases prescribed by law;
   7. elect members of the Accounts Chamber: one-third of the members as nominated by the President, two-thirds - on their own initiative; and dismiss them from their positions in cases prescribed by law;
   8. Ombudsman
      elect and, in cases prescribed by law, dismiss the Akyikatchy (Ombudsman); give their consent for holding his/her criminally liable;
   9. Ombudsman
      elect and, in cases prescribed by law as recommended by the Akyikatchy (Ombudsman), dismiss his/her deputies and give their consent for holding them criminally liable;
   10. Attorney general
       gives their consent to the appointment, release, and criminal prosecution, of the Prosecutor General, as recommended by the President, by at least half of the votes of the total number of deputies of the Jogorku Kenesh;
   11. Attorney general
       approve, by a majority of at least two-thirds of the total number of deputies of the Jogorku Kenesh, an initiative of one-third of the total number of deputies of the Jogorku Kenesh to dismiss the Prosecutor General in cases prescribed by law.
4. The Jogorku Kenesh shall:
   1. Emergency provisions, Head of state decree power
      impose a state of emergency in cases and in the manner prescribed by constitutional law; approve or repeal presidential decrees on this matter;
   2. Power to declare/approve war, Emergency provisions, Head of state decree power
      decide on questions of war and peace; imposition of martial law; declaration of a state of war; approval or revocation of presidential decrees on these matters;
   3. International law
      decide on the possibility of using the Armed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic outside its borders when necessary to fulfill interstate treaty obligations to maintain peace and security;
   4. establish military ranks, diplomatic ranks and other special ranks of the Kyrgyz Republic;
   5. establish state awards, state prizes and honorary titles of the Kyrgyz Republic.
5. The Jogorku Kenesh shall:
   1. International organizations
      hear annual messages, information of the President and speeches of representatives of foreign states and international organizations;
   2. Ombudsman, Electoral commission
      hear the annual report of the Akyikatchy (Ombudsman) and the Chairman of the Central Commission on Elections and Referenda;
   3. Attorney general, Central bank
      hear annual reports of the Prosecutor General, president of the National Bank, and Chairman the Chamber of Accounts.
6. Head of state removal
   The Jogorku Kenesh may, in accordance with the procedure stipulated by this Constitution, bring charges against the President; and take a decision on removing the President from the office.
7. The Jogorku Kenesh shall exercise other powers stipulated by the Constitution and laws of the Kyrgyz Republic.

Article 81.

1. The Jogorku Kenesh shall elect the Toraga of the Jogorku Kenesh and his deputies from among their members.
2. The Toraga of the Jogorku Kenesh shall:
   1. chair sittings of the Jogorku Kenesh;
   2. provide general guidance for preparing issues for consideration at sittings of the Jogorku Kenesh;
   3. sign acts adopted by the Jogorku Kenesh;
   4. represent the Jogorku Kenesh in the Kyrgyz Republic and abroad, ensure interaction of the Jogorku Kenesh with the President, the People's Kurultai, state executive authorities, the judiciary and local self-government;
   5. provide general management and oversight over the activities of the Administration of the Jogorku Kenesh;
   6. exercise other powers for organizing activities of the Jogorku Kenesh, as provided by the Regulations of the Jogorku Kenesh.
3. The Toraga of the Jogorku Kenesh shall be elected by secret ballot by the majority of the total number of deputies of the Jogorku Kenesh.

   The Toraga of the Jogorku Kenesh shall report annually to the Jogorku Kenesh.

   The Toraga of the Jogorku Kenesh may be recalled by a decision of the Jogorku Kenesh taken by the majority of the total number of deputies.

Article 82.

1. The Jogorku Kenesh shall set up committees, as well as temporary commissions from among its deputies, and decide on their compositions.
2. Committees of the Jogorku Kenesh shall prepare and carry out preliminary consideration of issues within the authority of the Jogorku Kenesh, and control the implementation of laws and decisions adopted by the Jogorku Kenesh.
3. Laws, normative legal acts of the Jogorku Kenesh are adopted after preliminary consideration of their drafts by the relevant committees of the Jogorku Kenesh.
4. Appointment and dismissal of heads of state bodies within the powers of the Jogorku Kenesh shall be approved at sittings of the Jogorku Kenesh based on conclusions of relevant committees of the Jogorku Kenesh.

Article 83.

1. Length of legislative sessions
   Sessions of the Jogorku Kenesh shall be in the form of sittings and shall be held from the first working day of September to the last working day of June of the following year.
2. Public or private sessions
   Sittings of the Jogorku Kenesh shall be held openly if the nature of the issues under consideration does not require closed sessions.
3. Extraordinary legislative sessions
   Extraordinary sessions of the Jogorku Kenesh shall be convened by the President, the Toraga of the Jogorku Kenesh and at the initiative of at least one third of the deputies of the Jogorku Kenesh.
4. Quorum for legislative sessions
   A sitting of the Jogorku Kenesh is legally competent if attended by the majority of the total number of deputies of the Jogorku Kenesh.
5. Secrecy of legislative votes
   Decisions of the Jogorku Kenesh shall be made at sittings by personal voting of deputies.

Article 84.

1. Dismissal of the legislature
   The Jogorku Kenesh may make a decision on self-dissolution. The decision on self-dissolution may be initiated by one-third of the total number of deputies of the Jogorku Kenesh and shall be adopted by a majority of at least two-thirds of the votes.
2. The President shall call early elections within five days of the dissolution of the Jogorku Kenesh.

Article 85.

Article 86.

1. Draft laws shall be submitted to the Jogorku Kenesh.
2. Draft laws specified by the President and the Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers as urgent shall be considered by the Jogorku Kenesh in extraordinary order.
3. Budget bills
   Draft laws providing for an increase in expenditures covered by the state budget shall be adopted by the Jogorku Kenesh after the Cabinet of Ministers determines the source of the funding.
4. Laws shall be passed by the Jogorku Kenesh in three readings.

   Laws and decisions shall be adopted by the Jogorku Kenesh by the majority of the total number of deputies, unless otherwise stipulated by the Constitution.

5. Supermajority required for legislation
   Constitutional laws, laws on changing the state border shall be adopted by the Jogorku Kenesh in at least three readings by a majority of at least two-thirds of the total number of deputies of the Jogorku Kenesh.

Article 87.

1. Approval or veto of general legislation
   Laws adopted by the Jogorku Kenesh shall be sent to the President for signing within 14 working days.
2. Approval or veto of general legislation
   The President shall sign the law or return it with his objections to the Jogorku Kenesh for reconsideration no later than one month from the date of receipt.
3. Veto override procedure
   If after reconsideration the law is approved in an earlier version by a majority of at least two-thirds of the total number of deputies of the Jogorku Kenesh, this law shall be signed by the President within 14 working days from the day of its receipt.

Article 88.

Article 89.

1. Name/structure of executive(s)
   The Executive power in the Kyrgyz Republic is exercised by the President.
2. Establishment of cabinet/ministers
   The structure and composition of the Cabinet of Ministers shall be determined by the President.

   The Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers is the head of the Presidential Administration.

3. The President directs the activities of the executive branch, gives instructions to the Cabinet of Ministers and its subordinate bodies, supervises execution of its instructions, cancels acts of the Cabinet of Ministers and its subordinate bodies, temporarily dismisses members of the Cabinet of Ministers on the basis of constitutional law.
4. The President presides at meetings of the Cabinet of Ministers.
5. The President is personally responsible for the results of the activities of the Cabinet of Ministers and the executive branch.
6. Legislative oversight of the executive
   If the Jogorku Kenesh is not satisfied with the report on the execution of the state budget, the responsibility of the members of the Cabinet of Ministers shall be reviewed by the President.

Article 90.

1. The Cabinet of Ministers consists of the Chairman, Vice-Chairmen and other members of the Cabinet of Ministers.
   Cabinet selection

   The Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers, their deputies and members of the Cabinet of Ministers shall be appointed by the President with the consent of the Jogorku Kenesh.

2. In accordance with the Constitution, constitutional law and presidential decrees, the Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers shall manage the activities of the Cabinet of Ministers. The Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers is accountable to the President for the activities of the Cabinet of Ministers.

Article 91.

1. Powers of cabinet
   The Cabinet of Ministers shall:
   1. enforce the Constitution and laws;
   2. implement the main directions of the state’s domestic and foreign policy;
   3. implement measures to ensure the rule of law, rights and freedoms of citizens, protection of public order, and fighting against crime;
   4. ensure implementation of measures to protect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state, protection of the constitutional order, as well as measures to strengthen the defense capability, national security and the rule of law;
   5. ensure implementation of the financial, pricing, tariff, investment and taxation policies;
   6. develop the republican budget and ensure its implementation;
   7. implement measures to ensure equal conditions for the development of all forms of property and their protection and for the management of state-owned property;
   8. ensure implementation of a unified state policy in the socio-economic and cultural spheres;
   9. Economic plans, Reference to science
      develop and implement nationwide programs of economic, social, scientific, technological and cultural development;
   10. ensure the implementation of foreign economic activity;
   11. ensures effective interaction with civil society;
   12. exercise other powers reserved to it by the Constitution and laws.

   The organization and procedures of the Cabinet of Ministers shall be determined by constitutional law.

Article 92.

1. Cabinet removal
   The President shall have the right, on his/her own initiative, to dismiss the current Cabinet of Ministers or a member thereof.
2. Members of the Cabinet of Ministers shall have the right to submit resignation letters. The resignations shall be accepted or rejected by the President.

   Resignation of the Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers shall not entail resignation of the entire Cabinet of Ministers.

3. Pending appointment of a new Cabinet of Ministers, the current Cabinet of Ministers shall continue to perform its duties.
4. Cabinet removal
   The assumption of office by the President-elect shall entail resignation of the entire Cabinet of Ministers.

Article 93.

1. The executive power on the territory of the respective administrative-territorial unit is exercised by the local state administration.
2. The organization and activities of the local public administration are defined by law.
3. Local state administrations act on the basis of the Constitution, laws, regulatory legal acts of the President and the Cabinet of Ministers.
4. Decisions of the local governmental administration, adopted within its competence, shall be binding on the relevant territory.

Article 94.

1. Justice in the Kyrgyz Republic is administered only by courts.

   In the cases and in the manner prescribed by law, citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic shall have the right to participate in the administration of justice.

2. Judicial power shall be exercised through constitutional, civil, criminal, administrative and other forms of legal proceedings provided for by law.
3. Structure of the courts, Establishment of constitutional court
   The judicial system of the Kyrgyz Republic is established by the Constitution and laws, and consists of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, and local courts.
   Structure of the courts

   Specialized courts may be established by law.

   Creation of emergency courts is not allowed.

4. The procedure of organization and functioning of courts shall be determined by constitutional law.

Article 95.

1. Judicial independence
   Judges are independent and subject only to the Constitution and laws.
2. Judges shall have the right of inviolability and shall not be detained or imprisoned, searched or searched personally, except when caught in the act of committing a crime.
3. No one shall have the right to ask a judge to report on a particular case.
   Judicial independence

   Any interference in the exercise of justice shall be prohibited. Persons guilty of influencing a judge shall be held liable as prescribed by law.

4. Protection of judges' salaries
   Judges shall be provided with social, material and other guarantees of their independence according to their status.
5. Age restrictions on constitutional court judges, Eligibility for const court judges, Mandatory retirement age for judges
   Judges of the Constitutional Court may be citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic no younger than 40 years and not older than 70 years, who have higher legal education and at least 15 years of experience in the legal profession.
   Eligibility for supreme court judges, Age restrictions on supreme court judges, Mandatory retirement age for judges

   Judges of the Supreme Court may be citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic no younger than 40 years and no older than 70 years, who have higher legal education and at least 15 years of work experience in the legal profession, including at least a five-year experience as a judge.

6. Constitutional court term length, Supreme court term length
   Judges of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court may be elected until reaching the age limit.
7. Constitutional court selection, Supreme court selection, Establishment of judicial council
   From among judges of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court, the President shall appoint presidents of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court as nominated by the Council of Judges and with the consent of the Jogorku Kenesh, for a period of five years.
   Constitutional court selection, Supreme court selection

   Vice-Presidents of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President as nominated by the Presidents of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court, for a period of 5 years.

8. Age restrictions on ordinary court judges, Eligibility for ordinary court judges, Mandatory retirement age for judges
   Citizen of the Kyrgyz Republic no younger than 30 years and no older than 65 years, who have higher legal education and at least 5 years of working experience in the legal profession may become judges of local courts.
   Ordinary court selection, Ordinary court term length, Establishment of judicial council

   Local court judges shall be appointed by the President, nominated by the Council of Justice initially for a period of five years, and thereafter until reaching the age limit. The procedure for nomination and appointment of local court judges is determined by constitutional law. From among judges of local courts, the President of the Supreme Court shall appoint presidents of local courts and their deputies for a period of five years.

9. Eligibility for const court judges, Eligibility for supreme court judges, Eligibility for ordinary court judges
   The status of judges of the Kyrgyz Republic shall be determined by constitutional law that may establish additional requirements for candidate judges and certain restrictions for judges of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and local courts.

Article 96.

1. Constitutional court removal, Supreme/ordinary court judge removal
   Judges of all courts of the Kyrgyz Republic shall hold office and retain their powers as long as their conduct is irreproachable. Violation of the irreproachability requirements shall be grounds for holding the judge liable in accordance with the procedure determined by constitutional law.
2. Supreme/ordinary court judge removal, Establishment of judicial council
   If the irreproachability requirements are violated, a local court judge shall be removed from office as proposed by the Council of Judges in accordance with constitutional law.
   Supreme/ordinary court judge removal, Constitutional court removal

   Judges of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court may be prematurely dismissed by the Jogorku Kenesh on the above grounds by a majority of at least two-thirds of the total number of deputies of the Jogorku Kenesh as proposed by the President, except in cases specified in the Constitution.

   Supreme/ordinary court judge removal, Establishment of judicial council

   Local court judges in cases specified in the Constitution shall be dismissed by the President following recommendation of the Council of Judges.

   A person dismissed from a judicial position due to a breach of the irreproachability requirement shall not be entitled to hold any further judicial positions or positions in law enforcement bodies as established by law, and shall be deprived of the right to use privileges established for judges.

3. Establishment of judicial council
   Following proposal of the Council of Judges, powers of a judge shall be terminated by the body that appointed the judge, in accordance the constitutional law, from the day the following grounds appear:
   • death;
   • Mandatory retirement age for judges
     reaching the age limit;
   • voluntary resignation or transfer to another job;
   • declaring the judge dead or missing;
   • Supreme/ordinary court judge removal
     recognition as legally incompetent;
   • renunciation of citizenship or acquisition of a foreign citizenship, in other cases not involving violations of the irreproachability requirements.
4. Constitutional court removal, Supreme/ordinary court judge removal, Establishment of judicial council
   Temporary removal of judges from office, holding them criminally and otherwise liable shall be allowed with the consent of the Council of Judges in accordance with the procedure determined by constitutional law.
5. Ordinary court selection, Establishment of judicial council
   The selection of candidates for judges of local courts shall be made by the Council of Justice in the manner determined by constitutional law.
6. The transfer (rotation) of a judge of a local court shall be carried out by the President upon the proposal of the President of the Supreme Court in the manner and cases determined by the constitutional law.
7. Establishment of judicial council
   At least two thirds of the Council of Justice members shall be judges, and one third shall be representatives of the President, the Jogorku Kenesh, the People's Kurultai and the legal community.
8. Establishment of judicial council
   The organization and activities of the Council of Justice, its powers and formation procedure shall be determined by constitutional law.

Article 97.

1. Establishment of constitutional court
   The Constitutional Court is the highest body of judicial power exercising constitutional control through constitutional litigation in order to protect the foundations of the constitutional order, fundamental human and civil rights and freedoms, to ensure the supremacy and direct action of the Constitution.
2. The Constitutional Court shall:
   1. Constitutional interpretation
      give official interpretations of the Constitution;
   2. Constitutionality of legislation
      resolve cases on conformity of laws and other normative legal acts of the Kyrgyz Republic to the Constitution;
   3. Legal status of treaties
      issue opinions on the constitutionality of international treaties to which the Kyrgyz Republic is a party and that have not entered into force;
   4. Constitutional court powers
      resolve disputes over competence between the branches of state power;
   5. Constitution amendment procedure
      issue opinions on draft law amending and adding to this Constitution;
   6. Constitutional court powers
      issue opinions on compliance with the established procedure for bringing charges against the President.
3. Constitutionality of legislation
   Everyone shall have the right to challenge the constitutionality of a law and another normative legal act if he or she believes that they violate the rights and freedoms recognized by the Constitution.
4. Constitutional court opinions
   Decisions of the Constitutional Court shall be final and not subject to appeal.
5. Constitutionality of legislation
   Decisions of the Constitutional Court on the unconstitutionality of laws or parts thereof shall invalidate them in the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic, as well as other normative legal acts based on laws or their provisions declared unconstitutional, except for court decisions. Decisions of the Constitutional Court on the unconstitutionality of bylaws or parts thereof shall invalidate them in the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic.
6. Constitutionality of legislation
   Judicial decisions based on provisions of laws deemed unconstitutional shall be reviewed by the court on a case-by-case basis upon complaints of citizens whose rights and freedoms have been affected.
7. Constitutional court selection
   The composition and procedure for the formation of the Constitutional Court, as well as the procedure for constitutional litigation shall be determined by constitutional law.

Article 98.

1. Structure of the courts
   The Supreme Court of the Kyrgyz Republic is the highest body of judicial power.
2. Right to appeal judicial decisions
   The Supreme Court shall review court decisions on appeals of participants of judicial proceedings in civil, criminal, economic, administrative and other cases, in the manner prescribed by law.
3. The Plenum of the Supreme Court shall give explanations on issues of judicial practice, which shall be binding for all courts and judges of the Kyrgyz Republic.
4. Supreme court opinions
   Decisions of the Supreme Court are final and not subject to appeal.

Article 99.

1. The state shall provide funding and appropriate conditions for the functioning of courts and the work of judges.

   Courts shall be financed from the state budget and shall ensure the possibility of full and independent administration of justice.

2. The budget of the judiciary shall be formed independently by the judiciary and included in the state budget.

Article 100.

1. Right to public trial
   Hearing of cases in all courts shall be open. Closed hearings shall be allowed only in cases provided for by law. Court decisions shall be announced publicly.
2. No proceedings in absentia shall be allowed in courts, except as provided by law.
3. Right to fair trial
   Judicial proceedings shall be conducted on the basis of equality and adversarity of the parties.
4. Court decisions may be cancelled, modified or suspended by the court in accordance with the procedure established by law.
5. Right to appeal judicial decisions
   Procedural rights of trial participants, also the rights of persons whose rights and interests have been affected by court decisions, including the right to appeal against decisions and verdicts, as well as the procedure for enacting them, shall be determined by law.

Article 101.

1. Judgments of courts of the Kyrgyz Republic that come into legal force shall be binding on all state bodies, local self-government bodies, legal entities, public associations, officials and individuals, and shall be enforceable throughout the republic.
2. The court shall supervise the execution of court decisions and private rulings issued by it.
3. Failure to execute, improper execution or obstruction of execution of court decisions shall entail liability established by law.

Article 102.

1. The court may not apply a normative legal act that contradicts the Constitution.
2. If during the hearing of a case in any judicial instance a question arises as to the constitutionality of a law or other normative legal act on which the resolution of the case depends, the court shall send a request to the Constitutional Court.

Article 103.

1. Judicial self-governance shall be in place to deal with the internal operations of the courts.
2. Bodies of judicial self-governance in the Kyrgyz Republic are the Congress of Judges, the Council of Judges, and the Assembly of Judges.

   The Congress of Judges is the highest body of judicial self-government.

   The Council of Judges is an elected body of judicial self-government, which acts between congresses of judges and protects the rights and legitimate interests of judges, considers issues of bringing judges to disciplinary responsibility, controls the formation and execution of the budget of the courts, and organizes training and professional development of judges.

   The assembly of judges is the primary body of judicial self-government.

3. The organization and procedures for the activities of judicial self-governing bodies shall be determined by law.

Article 104.

Article 105.

Article 106.

Article 107.

Article 108.

Article 109.

Article 110.