Croatia 1991 (rev. 2001)

Everyone in the Republic of Croatia shall enjoy rights and freedoms, regardless of race, color, gender, language, religion, political or other belief, national or social origin, property, birth, education, social status or other characteristics.

All shall be equal before the law.

Members of all national minorities shall have equal rights in the Republic of Croatia.

Equality and protection of the rights of national minorities shall be regulated by the Constitutional Act which shall be adopted in the procedure provided for the organic law.

Besides the general electoral right, the special right of the members of national minorities to elect their representatives into the Croatian Parliament may be provided by law.

Members of all national minorities shall be guaranteed freedom to express their nationality, freedom to use their language and script, and cultural autonomy.

Freedoms and rights may only be restricted by law in order to protect freedoms and rights of others, public order, public morality and health.

Every restriction of freedoms or rights shall be proportional to the nature of the necessity for restriction in each individual case.

During a state of war or an immediate threat to the independence and unity of the State, or in the event of severe natural disasters, individual freedoms and rights guaranteed by the Constitution may be restricted. This shall be decided by the Croatian Parliament by a two-thirds majority of all members or, if the Croatian Parliament is unable to meet, at the proposal of the Government and upon the counter-signature of the Prime Minister, by the President of the Republic.

The extend of such restrictions shall be adequate to the nature of the danger, and may not result in the inequality of persons in respect of race, color, gender, language, religion, national or social origin.

Not even in the case of an immediate threat to the existence of the State may restrictions be imposed on the application of the provisions of this Constitution concerning the right to life, prohibition of torture, cruel or degrading treatment or punishment, on the legal definitions of penal offenses and punishments, or on freedom of thought, conscience and religion.

The right to appeal against the first instance decisions made by courts or other authorities shall be guaranteed.

The right to appeal may exceptionally be excluded in cases specified by law, if other legal remedies are ensured.

Individual decisions of administrative agencies and other bodies vested with pubic authority shall be grounded on law.

Judicial review of decisions made by administrative agencies and other bodies vested with public authority shall be guaranteed.

Anyone who violates the provisions of the Constitution concerning the human rights and fundamental freedoms shall be held personally responsible and may not be exculpated by invoking a superior order.

Every human being has the right to life.

In the Republic of Croatia there shall be no capital punishment.

Freedom and personality of everyone shall be inviolable.

No one shall be deprived of liberty, nor may his liberty be restricted, except upon a court decision in accordance with law.

No one shall be subjected to any form of maltreatment or, without his consent, to medical or scientific experimentation.

Forced and compulsory labor shall be forbidden.

No one shall be arrested or detained without a court warrant. Such a warrant shall be read and served on the person being arrested.

The police may arrest a person without a warrant when the person is reasonably suspected of having committed a serious criminal offence defined by law. The arrested person shall be promptly informed, in understandable terms, of the reasons for the arrest and of his rights determined by law.

Any person arrested or detained shall have the right to take proceedings before a court, which shall decide without delay on the legality of the arrest.

All arrested and convicted persons shall be treated humanely and their dignity shall be respected.

Anyone who is detained and accused of a criminal offence shall have the right to be brought before the court within the shortest term specified by law and to be acquitted or sentenced within the statutory term.

A detainee may be released on legal bail to defend himself.

Any person who has been illegally deprived of liberty or convicted shall, in conformity with law, be entitled to damages and a public apology.

All citizens of the Republic of Croatia and aliens shall be equal before the courts, government bodies and other bodies vested with pubic authority.

The Bar, as an autonomous and independent service, shall provide everyone with legal aid, in conformity with law.

Everyone shall be presumed innocent and my not be considered guilty of a criminal offence until his guilt has been proved by a final court judgment.

Everyone shall have the right to the independent and fair trial provided by law which shall, within a reasonable term, decide upon his rights and obligations, or upon the suspicion or the charge of a penal offence.

In the case of suspicion or accusation for a penal offence, the suspected, accused or prosecuted person shall have the right:

• To be informed in detail, and in the language he understands, within the shortest possible term, of the nature and reasons for the charges against him and of the evidence incriminating him,

  To have adequate time and opportunity to prepare his defense,

  To a defense counsel and free communication with him, and to be informed of this right,

  To defend himself in person or with the assistance of a defense counsel of his own choice, and if he lacks resources to engage a counsel, to have a free counsel under the terms specified by law,

  To be tried in his presence if he is accessible to the court,

  To interrogate or have the prosecution witnesses interrogated and to demand the presence and hearing of the defense witnesses under the same circumstances as for the witnesses for the prosecution,

  To free assistance of an interpreter if he does not understand the language used in the court.

The suspected, accused and prosecuted person shall not be forced to confess his guilt.

Evidence illegally obtained shall not be admitted in court proceedings.

Criminal proceedings shall only be initiated before the court of justice upon the demand of an authorized prosecutor.

The sentence for a serious and exceptionally dishonorable criminal offence may, in conformity with law, have as a consequence the loss of acquired rights or a ban on acquiring, for a specific period of time, certain rights relating to the conduct of specific affairs, if this is required for the protection of the legal order.

No one shall be punished for an act which before its commission was not defined as a punishable offence by law or international law, nor he may be sentenced to a penalty which was not defined by law. If a less severe penalty is determined by law after the commission of an act, such penalty shall be imposed.

No one may be tried anew nor punished in criminal proceedings for an act for which he has already been acquitted or sentenced by a final court judgment in accordance with law.

The cases and reasons for the renewal of court proceedings under section 2 of this Article may be provided only by law, in accordance with the Constitution and an international agreement.

Anyone lawfully within the territory of the Republic of Croatia shall enjoy the liberty of movement and freedom to choose his residence.

Every citizen of the Republic of Croatia shall have the right to leave the State territory at any time and settle abroad permanently or temporarily, and to return to his homeland at any time.

The liberty of movement within the Republic of Croatia and the right to enter or leave it may exceptionally be restricted by law, if this is necessary to protect the legal order, or health, rights and freedoms of others.

Foreign citizens and stateless persons may obtain asylum in the Republic of Croatia, unless they are prosecuted for non-political crimes and activities contrary to the basic principles of international law.

No alien lawfully within the territory of the Republic of Croatia shall be expelled or extradited to another state, except in pursuance of a decision made in accordance with a treaty and law.

Homes shall be inviolable.

Only a court may order the search of a home or other premises, issuing a warrant with the statement of reasons, in conformity with law.

The tenant or his representative shall have the right to be present at the search of his home or other premises in the compulsory presence of two witnesses.

Under the conditions provided by law, the police authorities may enter a person's home or premises and carry out a search in the absence of witnesses even without a court warrant or consent of the tenant, if this is indispensable to enforce an arrest warrant or to apprehend the offender, or to prevent serious danger to life and health of people or major property.

A search aimed at finding or securing evidence for which there is grounded probability to be found in the home of the perpetrator of a criminal offence may only be carried out in the presence of witnesses.

Everyone shall be guaranteed respect for and legal protection of personal and family life, dignity, reputation and honor.

Freedom and privacy of correspondence and all other forms of communication shall be guaranteed and inviolable.

Restrictions necessary for the protection of the State security and the conduct of criminal proceedings may only be prescribed by law.

Everyone shall be guaranteed the safety and secrecy of personal data. Without consent from the person concerned, personal data may be collected, processed and used only under conditions specified by law.

Protection of data and supervision of the work of information systems in the State shall be regulated by law.

The use of personal data contrary to the purpose of their collection shall be prohibited.

Freedom of thought and expression shall be guaranteed.

Freedom of expression shall specifically include freedom of the press and other media of communication, freedom of speech and public expression, and free establishment of all institutions of public communication.

Censorship shall be forbidden. Journalists shall have the right to freedom of reporting and access to information.

The right to correction shall be guaranteed to anyone whose constitutional and legal rights have been violated by public information.

Any call for or incitement to war, or resort to violence, national, racial or religious hatred, or any form of intolerance shall be prohibited and punishable by law.

Freedom of conscience and religion and freedom to manifest religion and other convictions shall be guaranteed.

All religious communities shall be equal before the law and shall be separated from the State.

Religious communities shall be free, in conformity with law, publicly to perform religious services, to open schools, educational and other institutions, social and charitable institutions and to manage them, and shall them, and shall in their activity enjoy the protection and assistance of the State.

Everyone shall be guaranteed the right of public assembly and peaceful protest, in conformity with law.

Everyone shall be guaranteed the right to freedom of association for the purposes of protection of their interests or promotion of their social, economic, political, national, cultural and other convictions and objectives. For this purpose, everyone may freely form trade unions and other associations, join them or leave them, in conformity with law.

The exercise of this right shall be restricted by the prohibition of any violent threat to the democratic constitutional order and independence, unity and territorial integrity of the Republic of Croatia.

Every citizen of the Republic of Croatia shall have the right, under equal conditions, to take part in the conduct of public affairs, and to have access to public services.

All Croatian citizens of the Republic of Croatia who have reached the age of eighteen years shall have universal and equal suffrage. This right shall be exercised through direct elections by secret ballot.

In elections for the Croatian Parliament and for the President of the Republic, the Republic of Croatia shall ensure suffrage to its citizens who are abroad at the time of the elections, so that they may vote in the countries in which they are or in any other way specified by law.

Everyone shall have the right to submit petitions and complaints, to make proposals to government and other public bodies, and to receive answers too.

Military service and the defense of the Republic of Croatia shall be the duty of every capable citizen of the Republic of Croatia.

Conscientious objection shall be allowed to all those who for religious or moral reasons are not willing to participate in the performance of military service in the armed forces. Such persons shall be obliged to perform other duties specified by law.

The right of ownership shall be guaranteed.

Ownership implies obligations. Owners and users of property shall contribute to the general welfare.

A foreign person may acquire property under conditions spelled out by law.

The right of inheritance shall be guaranteed.

Entrepreneurial and market freedom shall be the basis of the economic system of the Republic of Croatia.

The State shall ensure all entrepreneurs an equal legal status on the market. Abuse of monopoly position defined by law shall be forbidden.

The State shall stimulate the economic progress and social welfare and shall care for the economic development of all its regions.

The rights acquired through the investment of capital shall not be diminished by law, or by any other legal act.

Foreign investors shall be guaranteed free transfer and repatriation of profits and the capital invested.

Property may, in the interest of the Republic of Croatia, be restricted or expropriated by law upon payment of compensation equal to its market value.

The exercise of entrepreneurial freedom and property rights may exceptionally be restricted by law for the purposes of protecting the interests and security of the Republic of Croatia, nature, the environment and public health.

Everyone shall participate in the defrayment of public expenses in accordance with his or her economic capabilities.

The system of taxation shall be based on the principles of equality and equity.

The sea, seashore and islands, waters, air space, mineral wealth and other natural resources, as well as land, forests, fauna and flora, other parts of nature, real estate and goods of special cultural, historic, economic or ecological significance which are specified by law to be of interest to the Republic of Croatia shall enjoy its special protection.

The way in which goods of interest to the Republic of Croatia may be used and exploited by bearers of rights to them and by their owners, and compensation for the restrictions imposed on them, shall be regulated by law.

The Croatian National Bank shall be the central bank of the Republic of Croatia.

The status, rights and obligations of the Croatian National Bank shall be regulated by law.

The Croatian National Bank shall be independent in its work and shall be responsible to the Croatian Parliament.

Everyone shall have the right to work and enjoy the freedom of work.

Everyone shall be free to choose his vocation and occupation, and all jobs and duties shall be accessible to everyone under the same conditions.

Every employee shall have the right to a fair remuneration, such as to ensure a free and decent standard of living to him and his family.

Maximum working hours shall be regulated by law.

Every employee shall have the right to a weekly rest and annual holidays with pay, and these rights may not be renounced.

Employees may, in conformity with law, participate in decision- making in the enterprise.

The right of employees and of members of their families to social security and social insurance shall be regulated by law and collective agreements.

Rights in connection with child-birth, maternity and child care shall be regulated by law.

The State shall ensure the right to assistance for weak, helpless and other persons unable to meet their basic needs owing to unemployment or incapacity to work.

The State shall devote special care to the protection of disabled persons and their integration into social life.

Receiving humanitarian aid from abroad may not be forbidden.

Everyone shall be guaranteed the right to health care, in conformity with law.

In order to protect their economic and social interests, all employees shall have the right to form trade unions and shall be free to join and leave them.

Trade unions may form their federations and join international trade union organizations

Formation of trade unions in the armed forces and the police may be restricted by law.

Employers shall have the right to form associations and shall be free to join or leave them.

The right to strike shall be guaranteed.

The right to strike may be restricted in the armed forces, the police, the public administration and the public services as specified by law.

The family shall enjoy special protection of the State.

Marriage and legal relations in marriage, common-law marriage and families shall be regulated by law.

The State shall protect maternity, children and young people, and shall create social, cultural, educational, material and other conditions promoting the right to a decent life.

Parents shall have the duty to bring up, support and educate their children, and shall have the right and freedom to decide independently on the upbringing of their children.

Parents shall be responsible for ensuring the right of their children to a full and harmonious development of their personalities.

Physically and mentally disabled and socially neglected children shall have the right to special care, education and welfare.

Children shall be bound to take care of their old and helpless parents.

The State shall take special care of parentless minors or parentally neglected children.

Everyone shall have the duty to protect children and helpless persons.

Children may not be employed before reaching the legally determined age, nor may they be forced or allowed to do work which is harmful to their health or morality.

Young people, mothers and disabled persons shall be entitled to special protection at work.

Primary education shall be compulsory and free.

Secondary and higher education shall be equally accessible to everyone according to abilities.

Under conditions specified by law, private schools and educational institutions may be established.

The autonomy of universities shall be guaranteed.

Universities shall independently decide on their organization and work in conformity with law.

Freedom of scientific, cultural and artistic creativity shall be guaranteed.

The State shall stimulate and assist the development of science, culture and the arts.

The State shall protect scientific, cultural and artistic goods as national spiritual values.

Protection of moral and material rights deriving from scientific, cultural, artistic, intellectual and other creative activities shall be guaranteed.

The State shall promote and assist care of physical education and sport.

Everyone shall have the right to a healthy life.

The State shall ensure conditions for a healthy environment.

Everyone shall be bound, within their powers and activities, to pay special attention to the protection of public health, nature and environment.

The Croatian Parliament (Sabor) is a representative body of the people and is vested with the legislative power in the Republic of Croatia.

The Croatian Parliament shall have no less than 100 and no more than 160 members, elected on the basis of direct universal and equal suffrage by secret ballot.

Members of the Croatian Parliament shall be elected for a term of four years.

The number of members of the Croatian Parliament, and the conditions and procedures for their election, shall be regulated by law.

Elections for members of the Croatian Parliament shall be held not later than 60 days after the expiry of the mandate or dissolution of the Croatian Parliament.

The first session of the Croatian Parliament shall be held not later than 20 days after the completion of the elections.

The Croatian Parliament shall be constituted at the first session by the selection of its President by the majority of its members present.

Members of the Croatian Parliament shall have no imperative mandate.

Members of the Croatian Parliament shall receive a regular monetary remuneration and shall have other rights specified by law.

Members of the Croatian Parliament shall enjoy immunity.

No representative shall be prosecuted, detained or punished for an opinion expressed or vote cast in the Croatian Parliament.

No representative shall be detained, nor shall criminal proceedings be instituted against him, without the consent of the Croatian Parliament.

A representative may be detained without the consent of the Croatian Parliament only if he has been caught in the act of committing a criminal offence which carries a penalty of imprisonment of more than five years. In such a case, the President of the Croatian Parliament shall be notified thereof.

If the Croatian Parliament is not in session, approval for the detention of a representative, or for the continuation of criminal proceedings against him, shall be given and his right to immunity decided by the credentials-and-immunity committee, such a decision being subject to subsequent confirmation by the Croatian Parliament.

The term of office of members of the Croatian Parliament may be extended by law only in the event of war or the cases provided for in Articles 17 and 100 of the Constitution.

The Croatian Parliament may be dissolved in order to call early elections if so decided by the majority of all the members.

The President of the Republic may, in conformity with Article 103, dissolve the Croatian Parliament.

The Croatian Parliament shall be in regular session twice a year: the first period between January 15 and July 15, and the second period between September 15 and December 15.

The Croatian Parliament shall convene emergency sessions at the request of the President of the Republic, the Government or the majority of its members.

The President of the Croatian Parliament may, upon prior consultation with the parliamentary clubs of members of the parliamentary parties, call it into an emergency session.

The Croatian Parliament shall have the President and one or more Vice Presidents.

The internal organization and procedure of the Croatian Parliament shall be regulated by its Standing Rules.

The Standing Rules shall be passed by a majority vote of all the members.

The Croatian Parliament shall:

• Decide on the enactment and amendment of the Constitution;

  Pass laws;

  Adopt the state budget;

  Decide on war and peace;

  Pass documents which express the policy of the Croatian Parliament;

  Adopt the Strategy of national security and the Strategy of defense of the Republic of Croatia;

  Realize civil control over the armed forces and the security services of the Republic of Croatia;

  Decide on alternations of the borders of the Republic of Croatia;

  Call referenda;

  Carry out elections, appointments and reliefs of office, in conformity with the Constitution and law;

  Supervise the work of the Government of the Republic of Croatia and other holders of public authority responsible to the Croatian Parliament, in conformity with the Constitution and law;

  Grant amnesty for criminal offenses;

  Conduct other affairs as specified by the Constitution.

Unless otherwise specified by the Constitution, the Croatian Parliament shall make decisions by a majority vote, provided that a majority of representatives are present at the session.

Representatives shall vote in person.

Laws (organic laws) which regulate the rights of national minorities shall be passed by the Croatian Parliament by a two- thirds majority vote of all representatives.

Laws (organic laws) which elaborate the constitutionally defined human rights and fundamental freedoms, the electoral system, the organization, authority and operation of government bodies and the organization and authority of local and regional self-government shall be passed by the Croatian Parliament by a majority vote of all representatives.

The decision provided by Article 7 section 2 and Article 8 of the Constitution shall be passed by the Croatian Parliament by a two- thirds majority of all representatives.

Sessions of the Croatian Parliament shall be public.

Each representative of the Croatian Parliament, the parliamentary clubs of representatives and the working bodies of the Croatian Parliament, and the Government of the Republic of Croatia shall have the right to propose laws.

Members of the Croatian Parliament shall have the right to ask the Government of the Republic of Croatia and individual ministers questions.

At least one tenth of the representatives of the Croatian Parliament may submit an interpellation on the operation of the Government of the Republic of Croatia or some of its individual members.

Questioning and interpellation shall be more specifically regulated by the Standing Rules.

The Croatian Parliament may call a referendum on a proposal for the amendment of the Constitution, on a bill, or any other issue within its competence.

The President of the Republic may, at the proposal of the Government and with the counter-signature of the Prime Minster, call a referendum on a proposal for the amendment of the Constitution or any other issue which he considers to be important for the independence, unity and existence of the Republic of Croatia.

The Croatian Parliament shall call a referendum upon the issues from sections 1 and 2 of this Article when so demanded by ten percent of all voters in the Republic of Croatia.

At such a referendum, the decision shall be made by the majority of the voters who have voted, provided that the majority of the total number of electors have taken part in the referendum.

Decisions made at referenda shall be binding.

A law on referenda shall be passed.

The Croatian Parliament may authorize the Government of the Republic of Croatia, for a maximum period of one year, to regulate by decrees certain issues within its competence, except those relating to the elaboration of the constitutionally defined human rights and fundamental freedoms, national rights, the electoral system, the organization, authority and operation of government bodies and local self-government.

Decrees based on statutory authority shall not have a retroactive effect.

Decrees passed on the basis of statutory authority shall cease to be valid after the expiry of the period of one year from the date when such authority was granted, unless otherwise decided by the Croatian Parliament.

Laws shall be promulgated by the President of there public within eight days from the date when they were passed in the Croatian Parliament.

If the President of the Republic considers the promulgated law not in accordance with the Constitution, he may initiate proceedings to review the constitutionality of the law before the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia.

Before coming into force, laws and other rules and regulations of governmental bodies shall be published in "Narodne Novine", the official gazette of the Republic of Croatia.

The rules and regulations of bodies vested with public authority shall, before coming into force, be publicized in an accessible way, in accordance with law.

A law shall come into force at the earliest on the eight day after its publication, unless otherwise specified by law for exceptionally justified reasons.

Laws and other regulations of governmental bodies or bodies vested with public authority shall not have a retroactive effect.

Only individual provisions of a law may have a retroactive effect for exceptionally justified reasons.

State revenues and expenditures shall be determined by the state budget.

A law whose implementation requires financial funds shall specify the sources of such funds.

The Croatian Parliament may form commissions of inquiry regarding any issue of public interest.

The composition, competence and powers of the commissions of inquiry shall be in accord with law.

The chairperson of a commission of inquiry shall be appointed by a majority of representatives from among the representatives of the opposition.

The People's Ombudsman, as a commissioner of the Croatian Parliament, shall protect the constitutional and legal rights of citizens in proceedings before the state administration and bodies vested with public authority.

The People's Ombudsman shall be elected by the Croatian Parliament for a term of eight years.

Conditions for the election and the relief of office as well as the scope and mode of work of the Ombudsman and his Deputies shall be regulated by law.

Within the office of the People's Ombudsman, protection of the constitutional and legal rights of citizens in the proceedings before the Ministry of Defense, the armed forces and security services, protection of the rights of citizens before the bodies of the local and regional self-government and protection of the right to the local and regional self-government before the governmental bodies, shall be provided.

The President of the Republic of Croatia shall represent and stand for the Republic of Croatia at home and abroad.

The President of the Republic shall take care of regular and harmonized functioning and stability of the state government.

The President of the Republic is responsible for the defense of independence and territorial integrity of the Republic of Croatia.

The President of the Republic shall be elected in direct elections by secret ballot, on the basis of universal and equal suffrage, for a term of five years.

No one shall be elected the President of the Republic more than twice.

The President of the Republic shall be elected by a majority of vote of all electors who have voted. If none of the candidates has obtained such a majority, new elections shall be held after 14 days.

The two candidates who obtained the largest number of votes in the first election shall have the right to stand at the new election. If one of these candidates withdraws, the candidate who is next in the number of votes obtained shall acquire the right to stand for the new election.

Elections for the President of the Republic shall be held no less than 30 and no more than 60 days before the expiry of the term of office of the incumbent President.

Before assuming duty, the President of the Republic shall take a solemn oath before the President of the Constitutional Court swearing loyalty to the Constitution.

The election of the President of the Republic, the oath and its taking shall be regulated by law.

The President of the Republic shall not perform any other public or professional duty.

After the election, the President of the Republic shall resign form membership in the political party and notify the Croatian Parliament thereof.

In case when the President of the Republic is temporarily prevented from performing his duties, because of his absence or illness or yearly leave of absence, the President of the Republic may confide the President of the Croatian Parliament to substitute for him. The President of the Republic decides upon his return to duty.

In case the President of the Republic is prevented from performing his duties for a longer period of time, because of illness or inability, and particularly if he is unable to decide on confiding his duties to a temporary substitute, the President of the Croatian Parliament shall assume the duty of the temporary President of the Republic upon the decision of the Constitutional Court. The Constitutional Court shall decide thereof upon the proposal of the Government.

In case of death, or resignation which shall be submitted to the

President of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia and the President of the of the Croatian Parliament notified thereof, or when the Constitutional Court determines the reasons for termination of the mandate of the President of the Republic, the duty of the temporary President of the Republic shall be taken over by the President of the Croatian Parliament by force of the Constitution.

When the President of the Croatian Parliament as temporary President of the Republic issues an act on promulgation of the law, the act shall be counter-signed by the Prime Minister of the Republic of Croatia.

Elections for the new President of the Republic shall be held within the term of 60 days from the day the temporary President of the Republic has taken over the duty according to section 3 of this Article.

The President of the Republic shall:

• Call elections for the Croatian Parliament and convene their first session;

  Call referenda, in conformity with the Constitution;

  Confide the mandate to form the Government to the person who, upon the distribution of the seats in the Croatian Parliament and consultations held, enjoys confidence of the majority of its members;

  Grant pardons;

  Confer decorations and other awards specified by law;

  Perform other duties specified by the Constitution.

The President of the Republic and the Government of the Republic of Croatia cooperate in formulation and execution of the foreign policy.

The President of the Republic shall, at the Government's proposal and with the counter-signature of the Prime Minister, decide on the establishment of diplomatic missions and consular offices of the Republic of Croatia abroad.

The President of the Republic shall, with the prior counter-signature of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Croatia, appoint and recall diplomatic representatives of the Republic of Croatia, at the proposal the Government and upon the opinion of the authorized committee of the Croatian Parliament.

The President of the Republic shall receive letters of credence and the letters of recall from foreign diplomatic representatives.

The President of the Republic is the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces of the Republic of Croatia.

The President of the Republic shall appoint and relieve of duty military commanders, in conformity with law.

On the basis of the decision of the Croatian Parliament, the President of the Republic may declare war and conclude peace.

In case of an immediate threat to the independence, unity and existence of the State, the President of the Republic may, with the counter signature of the Prime Minister, order the employment of the armed forces even if the state of war has not been declared.

During the state of war the President of the Republic may issue decrees with the force of law on the grounds and within the authority obtained from the Croatian Parliament. If the Croatian Parliament is not in session, the President of the Republic is authorized to regulate all the issues required by the state of war by decrees with the force of law.

In case of an immediate threat to the independence, unity and existence of the State, or if the governmental bodies are prevented from performing their constitutional duties regularly, the President of the Republic shall, at the proposal of the Prime Minister and with his counter-signature, issue decrees with the force of law.

The President of the Republic shall submit decrees with the force of law for approval to the Croatian Parliament as soon as the Parliament is in a position to convene.

If the President of the Republic does not submit a decree for approval to the Croatian Parliament as required by section 3 of this Article, or if the Croatian Parliament fails to approve it, the decree with the force of law ceases to be in force.

In the case stated in sections 1 and 2 of this Article the President of the Republic may call a session of the Government and preside over such a session.

The President of the Republic may propose to the Government to hold a session and consider certain issues.

The President of the Republic may be present at the meeting of the Government and take part in deliberations.

The President of the Republic and the Government of the Republic of Croatia shall, in accordance with the Constitution and law, cooperate in directing the operations of the security services.

The appointment of the heads of the security services shall, upon a prior opinion of the authorized committee of the Croatian Parliament, be counter-signed by the President of the Republic and the Prime Minister of the Republic of Croatia.

The President of the Republic, at the proposal of the Government and with the counter-signature of the Prime Minister, after consultations with the representatives of the clubs of parliamentary parties, dissolve the Croatian Parliament if, at the proposal of the Government, the Parliament has passed a vote of no confidence to the Government, or if it has failed to approve the state budget within 120 days from the date when it was proposed.

The President of the Republic may not, at the proposal of the Government, dissolve the Croatian Parliament if the impeachment proceedings against him for violation of the Constitution have been instituted.

The President of the Republic shall be impeachable for any violation of the Constitution he has committed in the performance of his duties.

Proceedings for the impeachment of the President of the Republic may be instituted by the Croatian Parliament by a two-thirds majority vote of all representatives.

The impeachment of the President of the Republic shall be decided upon by the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia by a two-thirds majority vote of all the judges.

The Constitutional Court shall decide upon the impeachment of the President of the Republic during the term of 30 days form the day of the submission of the proposal to impeach the President of the Republic for violation of the Constitution.

If the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia sustains the impeachment, the duty of the President of the Republic shall cease by force of the Constitution.

The President of the Republic shall enjoy immunity.

The President of the Republic may not be detained nor criminal proceedings may be instituted against him without prior consent of the Constitutional Court.

The President of the Republic may be detained without prior consent of the Constitutional Court only if he has been caught in the act of committing a criminal offence which carries a penalty of imprisonment of more than five years. In such a case the state body which has detained the President of the Republic shall instantly notify the President of the Constitutional Court thereof.

In the performance of his duties the President of the Republic shall be assisted by advisory bodies. The members of these bodies shall be appointed and relieved by the President of the Republic. Appointments contrary to the principle of separation of powers shall not be permitted.

Advisory, expert and other tasks shall be performed by the Office of the President of the Republic. The organization and competence of the Office shall be regulated by law and internal rules.

The Government of the Republic of Croatia shall exercise executive powers in conformity with the Constitution and law.

The Government of the Republic of Croatia shall consist of a Prime Minster, one or more Deputy Prime Ministers and ministers.

The Prime Minister and other members of the Government may not perform any other public or professional duty without consent of the Government.

The person to whom the President of the Republic confides the mandate to form the Government shall propose its members.

Immediately upon the formation of the Government, but not later than 30 days from the acceptance of the mandate, the mandatary shall present the Government and its program to the Croatian Parliament and demand a vote of confidence to be passed.

The Government shall assume its duty if the vote of confidence is passed by a majority vote of all members of the Croatian Parliament.

The Prime Minister and the members of the Government shall take a solemn oath before the Croatian Parliament. The text of the oath shall be determined by law.

Upon the decision of the Croatian Parliament to express confidence to the Government of the Republic of Croatia, the ruling on the appointment of the Prime Minister shall be brought by the President of the Republic, with the counter signature of the President of the Croatian Parliament, and the ruling on the appointment of the members of the Government shall be brought by the Prime Minster with the counter signature of the President of the Croatian Parliament.

If the mandatary fails to form the Government within the term of 30 days from the day of the acceptance of the mandate, the President of the Republic may decide to extend the term for not more than 30 additional days.

If the mandatary fails to form the Government during the extended term, or if the proposed Government fails to obtain confidence of the Croatian Parliament, the President of the Republic shall confide the mandate to form the Government to another person.

If the Government is not formed in accordance with Articles 109 and 110 of the Constitution, the President of the Republic shall appoint temporary non-party Government and simultaneously call early elections for the Croatian Parliament.

The Government of the Republic of Croatia shall:

• Propose legislation and other acts to the Croatian Parliament;

  Propose the state budget and the annual accounts;

  Execute laws and other decisions of the Croatian Parliament;

  Enact decrees to implement the laws;

  Guide the foreign and internal policies;

  Direct and control the operation of the state administration;

  Take care of the economic development of the country;

  Direct performance and development of the public services;

  Perform other duties determined by the Constitution and law.

The organization, mode of operation and decision- making of the Government shall be regulated by law and the rules of procedure.

The Government shall be responsible to the Croatian Parliament.

The Prime Minister and members of the Government shall be jointly responsible for the decisions made by the Government, and shall be personally responsible for their respective competencies.

At the proposal of at least one fifth of the members of the Croatian Parliament, a vote of confidence in the Prime Minster, in individual members of the Government, or in the Government as a whole, shall be put in motion.

A vote of confidence in the Government may also be requested by the Prime Minister.

No debate or vote of confidence may be taken before the expiry of seven days from the date when the motion was submitted to the Croatian Parliament.

Debate and vote of confidence shall be carried through not later than 30 days from the day the motion was submitted to the Croatian Parliament.

A no confidence decision shall be accepted if it has been voted for by the majority of the total number of members of the Croatian Parliament.

If the Croatian Parliament rejects the proposal for a vote of no confidence, the representatives who have submitted it may not make the same proposal again before the expiry of six months.

If a vote of no confidence in the Prime Minister or in the Government as a whole is passed, the Prime Minister and the Government shall submit their resignation. If the vote of confidence to a new mandatary and the members he proposes for the Government is not passed during the term of 30 days, the President of the Croatian Parliament shall notify thereof the President of the Republic of Croatia. After the notification is received the President of the Republic instantly issue a decision to dissolve the Croatian Parliament, and simultaneously call elections for the Croatian Parliament.

If a vote of no confidence in an individual member of the Government is passed, the Prime Minster may propose to the Croatian Parliament another member for a vote of confidence or the Prime Minister and the Government as a whole may submit their resignation.

In all the cases of resignation of the Prime Minister or the Government section 7 of this Article shall be applied.

The organization and responsibilities as well as operation of the state administration shall be regulated by law.

Certain responsibilities of the state administration may be entrusted by law to the bodies of the local and regional self-government and legal bodies vested with public authority.

The status of state officials and the legal status of the state employees shall be regulated by law and other regulations.

Judicial power shall be exercised by courts.

Judicial power shall be autonomous and independent.

Courts shall administer justice according to the Constitution and law.

The Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia, as a highest court, shall secure uniform application of laws and equal justice to all.

The President of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia shall be appointed and relieved from duty by the Croatian Parliament at the proposal of the President of the Republic, with a prior opinion of the general session of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia and of the authorized committee of the Croatian Parliament. The President of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia shall be appointed for a four-year term of office.

The establishment, jurisdiction, composition and organization of courts and court proceedings shall be regulated by law.

Court hearings shall be open to the public and judgments shall be pronounced publicly in the name of the Republic of Croatia.

The public may be barred from a hearing or part of it for the reasons necessary in a democratic society in the interest of morals, public order or State security, in particular if minors are tried, or in order to protect private lives of the parties, or in marital disputes and proceedings in connection with guardianship and adoption, or for the purpose of protection of military, official or business secrets and for the protection of the security and defense of the Republic of Croatia, but only to the extent which is in the opinion of the court absolutely necessary in the specific circumstances in which the public might be harmful to the interests of justice.

In administration of justice lay assessors shall participate in conformity with law.

Judges shall enjoy immunity in accordance with the law.

Judges and lay assessors who take part in the administration of justice shall not be called to account for an opinion or a vote given in the process of judicial decision-making unless there exists violation of law on the part of a judge which is criminal offence.

A judge may not be detained in criminal proceedings initiated for a criminal offence committed in performance of his judicial duty without prior consent of the National Judicial Council.

Judicial office shall be permanent.

Exceptionally to the provision of section 1 of this Article, at the assuming of judicial duty for the first time, judges shall be appointed for a five-year term. After the renewal of the appointment, the judge assumes his duty as permanent.

A judge shall be relieved of his judicial office:

• At his own request,

  If he has become permanently incapacitated to perform his office,

  If he has been sentenced for a criminal offence which makes him unworthy to hold judicial office,

  If, in conformity with law, so decides the National Judicial Council due to the commission of an act of serious infringement of discipline,

  When reaching seventy years of age.

Against the decision of being relieved from his duty the judge shall have the right to appeal to the Constitutional Court within the term of 15 days from the day the decision has been served, onto which the Constitutional Court shall decide in the procedure and composition determined by the Constitutional Act on the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia.

Against the decision of the National Judicial Council on disciplinary responsibility, the judge shall have the right to appeal to the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia within the term of 15 days from the day the decision has been served. The Constitutional Court shall decide on the appeal in the way and the procedure determined by the Constitutional Act on the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia.

In the cases from sections 4 and 5 of this Article, the Constitutional Court shall decide within the term not longer than 30 days from the day the appeal has been submitted. The decision of the Constitutional Court excludes the right to the constitutional complaint.

A judge shall not be transferred against his will except in the case the Court is abolished or reorganized in conformity with law.

A judge shall not hold an office or perform work defined by law as being incompatible with his judicial office.

Judges shall, according to the Constitution and law, be appointed and relieved of duty by the National Judicial Council, which will also decide on all matters concerning their disciplinary responsibilities.

In the process of appointment and relief of judges the National Judicial Council shall obtain the opinion of the authorized committee of the Croatian Parliament.

The National Judicial Council shall consist of eleven members elected by the Croatian Parliament in conformity with law, from among notable judges, attorneys-at-law and university professors of law. The majority of members of the National Judicial Council shall be from the ranks of judges.

Presidents of courts may not be elected as members of the National Judicial Council.

Members of the National Judicial Council shall be elected for a four- year term and no one may be a member of the National Judicial Council for more than two subsequent terms.

The President of the National Judicial Council shall be elected by secret ballot by a majority of the members of the National Judicial Council for a two-year term of office.

The jurisdiction and the proceedings of the National Judicial Council shall be regulated by law.

The Office of the Public Prosecutions is an autonomous and independent judicial body empowered and due to proceed against those who commit criminal and other punishable offences, to undertake legal measures for protection of the property of the Republic of Croatia and to provide legal remedies for protection of the Constitution and law.

The Head Public Prosecutor of the Republic of Croatia shall be appointed by the Croatian Parliament at the proposal of the Government of the Republic of Croatia and with a prior opinion of the authorized committee of the Croatian Parliament for a four-year term.

At assuming their duty for the first time, Deputy Public Prosecutors shall be appointed for a five-year term. After the renewal of the appointment they shall assume their duty as permanent.

Deputy Public Prosecutors shall, in conformity with the Constitution and law, be appointed, relieved and decided upon their disciplinary responsibility by the National Council of Public Prosecutions. The National Council of Public Prosecutions shall be elected by the Croatian Parliament in the way and procedure determined by law. The majority of members of the National Council of Public Prosecutions shall be from ranks of Deputy Public Prosecutors.

Head officials of the public prosecutions' offices may not be elected as members of the National Council of Public Prosecutions.

Jurisdiction, organization and the mode of operation of the National Council of the Public Prosecutions shall be regulated by law.

The establishment, organization, jurisdiction and competence of the Office of Public Prosecutions shall be regulated by law.

International agreements shall be concluded, in conformity with the Constitution, law and the rules of international law, depending on the nature and contents of the international agreement, within the authority of the Croatian Parliament, the President of the Republic and the Government of the Republic of Croatia.

International agreements which entail the passage of amendment of laws, international agreements of military and political nature, and international agreements which financially commit the Republic of Croatia shall be subject to ratification by the Croatian Parliament.

International agreements which grant international organization or alliances powers derived from the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia, shall be subject to ratification by the Croatian Parliament by two-thirds majority vote of all representatives.

The President of the Republic shall sign the documents of ratification, admittance, approval or acceptance of international agreements ratified by the Croatian Parliament in conformity with sections 1 and 2 of this Article.

International agreements which are not subject of ratification by the Croatian Parliament are concluded by the President of the Republic at the proposal of the Government, or by the Government of the Republic of Croatia.

International agreements concluded and ratified in accordance with the Constitution and made public, and which are in force, shall be part of the internal legal order of the Republic of Croatia and shall be above law in terms of legal effects. Their provisions may be changed or repealed only under conditions and in the way specified in them or in accordance with the general rules of international law.

Procedure for the association of the Republic of Croatia into alliances with other states may be instituted by at least one- third of the representatives of the Croatian Parliament, the President of the Republic and the Government of the Republic of the Croatia.

It is prohibited to initiate any procedure for the association of the Republic of Croatia into alliances with other states if such association leads, or might lead, to a renewal of a South Slav state community or to any Balkan state form of any kind.

Any association of the Republic of Croatia shall first be decided upon by the Croatian Parliament by a two-thirds majority vote of all representatives.

Any decision concerning the association of the Republic of Croatia shall be made on a referendum by a majority vote of the total number of electors in the State.

Such a referendum shall be held within 30 days from the date when the decision has been rendered by the Croatian Parliament.

The provisions of this Article concerning association shall also relate to the conditions and procedure for the disassociation of the Republic of Croatia.