Samoa 1962 (rev. 2013)

1. Name and description

1. The Independent State of Samoa (hereinafter referred to as Samoa) shall be free and sovereign.
2. Samoa shall comprise the islands of Upolu, Savaii, Manono and Apolima in the South Pacific Ocean, together with all other islands adjacent thereto and lying between the 13th and 15th degrees of south latitude and the 171st and 173rd degrees of longitude west of Greenwich.

2. The Supreme Law

1. This Constitution shall be the supreme law of Samoa.
2. Constitutionality of legislation
   Any existing law and any law passed after the date of coming into force of this Constitution which is inconsistent with this Constitution shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be void.

3. Definition of the State

4. Remedies for enforcement of rights

1. Any person may apply to the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings to enforce the rights conferred under the provisions of this Part.
2. The Supreme Court shall have power to make all such orders as may be necessary and appropriate to secure to the applicant the enjoyment of any of the rights conferred under the provisions of this Part.

5. Right to life

1. No person shall be deprived of his life intentionally, except in the execution of a sentence of a court following his conviction of an offence for which this penalty is provided by Act.
2. Deprivation of life shall not be regarded as having been inflicted in contravention of the provisions of this Article when it results from the use of force to such extent and in such circumstances as are prescribed by law and as are reasonably justifiable
   1. In defence of any person from violence; or
   2. In order to effect an arrest or to prevent the escape of a person detained, if the person who is being arrested or who is escaping is believed on reasonable grounds to be in possession of a firearm; or
   3. For the purpose of suppressing a riot, insurrection or mutiny.

6. Right to personal liberty

1. Principle of no punishment without law
   No person shall be deprived of his personal liberty except in accordance with law.
2. Protection from unjustified restraint
   Where complaint is made to the Supreme Court that a person is being unlawfully detained, the Court shall inquire into the complaint and, unless satisfied that the detention is lawful, shall order him to be produced before the Court and shall release him.
3. Right to counsel
   Every person who is arrested shall be informed promptly of the grounds of his arrest and of any charge against him and shall be allowed to consult a legal practitioner of his own choice without delay.
4. Every person who is arrested or otherwise detained shall be produced before a Judge of the Supreme Court, some other judicial officer, the Registrar of the Supreme Court or of any subordinate Court or any Deputy Registrar of the Supreme Court or of any subordinate Court from time to time approved in writing for this purpose by the Registrar of the Supreme Court (herein-after collectively referred to as "remanding officers") within a period of twenty-four hours (excluding the time of any necessary journey), and no such person shall be detained beyond that period without the authority of one of the remanding officers.

7. Freedom from inhuman treatment

8. Freedom from forced labour

1. No person shall be required to perform forced or compulsory labour.
2. For the purposes of this Article, the term "forced or compulsory labour" shall not include
   1. Any work required to be done in consequence of a sentence of a court; or
   2. Right to conscientious objection
      Any service of a military character or, in the case of conscientious objectors, service exacted instead of compulsory military service; or
   3. Any service exacted in case of an emergency or calamity threatening the life or well-being of the community; or
   4. Any work or service which is required by Samoan custom or which forms part of normal civic obligations.

9. Right to a fair trial

1. Right to speedy trial, Right to public trial, Right to fair trial
   In the determination of his civil rights and obligations or of any charge against him for any offence, every person is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established under the law. Judgement shall be pronounced in public, but the public and representatives of news service may be excluded from all or part of the trial in the interests of morals, public order or national security, where the interests of juveniles or the protection of the private life of the parties so require, or to the extent strictly necessary in the opinion of the court in special circumstances where publicity would prejudice the interests of justice.
2. Nothing in clause (1) shall invalidate any law by reason only that it confers upon a tribunal, Minister or other authority power to determine questions arising in the administration of any law that affect or may affect the civil rights of any person.
3. Presumption of innocence in trials
   Every person charged with an offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law.
4. Every person charged with an offence has the following minimum rights:
   1. To be informed promptly, in a language which he understands and in detail, of the nature and cause of the accusation against him:
   2. To have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defence:
   3. Right to counsel
      To defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing and, if he has not sufficient means to pay for legal assistance, to be given it free when the interests of justice so require:
   4. Right to examine evidence/witnesses
      To examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him:
   5. Trial in native language of accused
      To have the free assistance of an interpreter, if any doubt exists as to whether he can understand or speak the language used in court.
5. Protection from self-incrimination
   No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.

10. Rights concerning criminal law

1. Principle of no punishment without law
   No person shall be convicted of an offence other than an offence defined by law.
2. Protection from ex post facto laws
   No person shall be held guilty of any offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute an offence at the time when it was committed; nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time that the offence was committed.
3. Prohibition of double jeopardy
   No person who has been tried for any offence shall, after conviction or acquittal, again be tried for that offence except
   1. Where a retrial is ordered or conducted by a court or judicial officer exercising a jurisdiction superior to that under which that person was acquitted or convicted; or
   2. In the case of a conviction entered in a trial conducted by a Judge or Judges of the Supreme Court, where a retrial is ordered by a Judge of that Court on an application made within fourteen days of that conviction.

11. Freedom of religion

1. Every person has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others, and, in public or private, to manifest and propagate his religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance.
2. Nothing in clause (1) shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from making any law in so far as that existing law or the law so made imposes reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred under the provisions of that clause in the interests of national security or of public order, health or morals, or for protecting the rights and freedom of others, including their rights and freedom to observe and practice their religion without the unsolicited interference of members of other religions.

12. Rights concerning religious instruction

1. No person attending any educational institution shall be required to receive religious instruction or take part in any religious ceremony or attend religious worship, if that instruction, ceremony or worship relates to a religion other than his own.
2. Every religious community or denomination shall have the right to establish and maintain educational institutions of its own choice and to provide therein religious instruction for pupils of that community or denomination.
3. Nothing in clause (2) shall prevent the State from making any law requiring the inspection of educational institutions and the maintenance therein of standards in keeping with the general educational level in Samoa.

13. Rights regarding freedom of speech, assembly, association, movement and residence

1. All citizens of Samoa shall have the right
   1. Freedom of expression
      To freedom of speech and expression; and
   2. Freedom of assembly
      To assemble peaceably and without arms; and
   3. Right to join trade unions, Freedom of association
      To form associations or unions; and
   4. Freedom of movement
      To move freely throughout Samoa and to reside in any part thereof.
2. Nothing in subclause (a) of clause (1) shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from making any law in so far as that existing law or the law so made imposes reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred under the provisions of that subclause in the interests of national security, friendly relations with other States, or public order or morals, for protecting the privileges of the Legislative Assembly, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for preventing contempt of court, defamation or incitement to any offence.
3. Nothing in subclauses (b) or (c) of clause (1) shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from making any law in so far as that existing law or the law so made imposes reasonable restrictions on the exercise of either or both of the rights conferred under the provisions of those subclauses in the interests of national security or public order, health or morals.
4. Nothing in subclause (d) of clause (1) shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from making any law in so far as that existing law or the law so made imposes reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred under the provisions of that subclause in the interests of national security, the economic well-being of Samoa, or public order, health or morals, for detaining persons of unsound mind, for preventing any offence, for the arrest and trial of persons charged with offences, or for punishing offenders.

14. Rights regarding property

1. No property shall be taken possession of compulsorily, and no right over or interest in any property shall be acquired compulsorily, except under the law which, of itself or when read with any other law
   1. Requires the payment within a reasonable time of adequate compensation therefore; and
   2. Gives to any person claiming that compensation a right of access, for the determination of his interest in the property and the amount of compensation, to the Supreme Court; and
   3. Gives to any party to proceedings in the Supreme Court relating to such a claim the same rights of appeal as are accorded generally to parties to civil proceedings in that Court sitting as a court of original jurisdiction.
2. Nothing in this Article shall be construed as affecting any general law
   1. For the imposition or enforcement of any tax, rate or duty; or
   2. For the imposition of penalties or forfeitures for breach of the law, whether under civil process or after conviction of an offence; or
   3. Relating to leases, tenancies, mortgages, charges, bills of sale, or any other rights or obligations arising out of contracts; or
   4. Relating to the vesting and administration of the property of persons adjudged bankrupt or otherwise declared insolvent, of infants or persons suffering under some physical or mental disability, of deceased persons, and of companies, other corporate bodies and unincorporated societies, in the course of being wound up; or
   5. Relating to the execution of judgements or orders of courts; or
   6. Providing for the taking of possession of property which is in a dangerous state or is injurious to the health of human beings, plants or animals; or
   7. Relating to trusts and trustees; or
   8. Relating to the limitation of actions; or
   9. Relating to property vested in statutory corporations; or
   10. Relating to the temporary taking of possession of property for the purposes of any examination, investigation or inquiry; or
   11. Providing for the carrying out of work on land for the purpose of soil conservation or for the protection of water catchment areas.

15. Freedom from discriminatory legislation

1. General guarantee of equality
   All persons are equal before the law and entitled to equal protection under the law.
2. Equality regardless of social status, Equality regardless of political party, Equality regardless of religion, Equality regardless of parentage, Equality regardless of origin, Equality regardless of language, Equality regardless of gender, Equality regardless of creed or belief
   Except as expressly authorised under the provisions of this Constitution, no law and no executive or administrative action of the State shall, either expressly or in its practical application, subject any person or persons to any disability or restriction or confer on any person or persons any privilege or advantage on grounds only of descent, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, social origin, place of birth, family status, or any of them.
3. Nothing in this Article shall
   1. Prevent the prescription of qualifications for the service of Samoa or the service of a body corporate directly established under the law; or
   2. Prevent the making of any provision for the protection or advancement of women or children or of any socially or educationally retarded class of persons.
4. Nothing in this Article shall affect the operation of any existing law or the maintenance by the State of any executive or administrative practice being observed on Independence Day:

   Provided that the State shall direct its policy towards the progressive removal of any disability or restriction which has been imposed on any of the grounds referred to in clause (2) and of any privilege or advantage which has been conferred on any of those grounds.

16. O le Ao o le Malo

17. Repealed by clause (5)

18. Election of Head of State

1. The Head of State shall be elected by the Legislative Assembly under the provisions of the First Schedule.
2. Eligibility for head of state
   A person shall not be qualified to be elected to the office of Head of State
   1. If he is not a person qualified to be elected as a Member of Parliament; or
   2. If he does not possess such other qualifications as the Legislative Assembly may determine from time to time by resolution; or
   3. If he has previously been removed from the office of Head of State under the provisions of clause (2) of Article 21.
3. The validity of the election of the Head of State shall not be contested in any court.

19. Term of office of Head of State

1. Head of state term length
   Subject to the provisions of Articles 17 and 21, the Head of State shall hold office for a term of five years from the date on which he assumes the functions of his office:

   Provided that, notwithstanding the expiry of his term, he shall continue to hold office until his successor assumes the functions of his office or for a period of three months, whichever is the shorter period.

2. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, a person who holds, or who has held, office as Head of State, shall be eligible for re-election to that office.
3. An election to fill a vacancy in the office of Head of State caused by the death, resignation or removal of the Head of State or by the expiry of the term of his office shall be held under the provisions of the First Schedule, and, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the person elected to that office shall hold office for a term of five years from the date on which he assumes the functions of his office.

20. Disabilities of Head of State

21. Resignation and removal from office

1. The Head of State may resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Prime Minister, who shall forthwith advise the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of that resignation.
2. The Head of State may be removed from office by the Legislative Assembly on the ground of misbehaviour or of infirmity of body or mind.
3. No proposal for the removal from office of the Head of State under the provisions of clause (2) shall be effective unless
   1. Notice of motion setting out the grounds for the proposed removal has been given in writing and signed by not less than one-fourth of the total number of Members of Parliament (including vacancies); and
   2. A period of at least fourteen days has elapsed between that notice and the debate on the motion; and
   3. The motion has been agreed to by not less than two-thirds of the total number of Members of Parliament (including vacancies).
4. A resolution carried under the provisions of clause (3), shall have the effect of removing the Head of State from his office as from the date on which the resolution is so carried.

22. Salary of Head of State

23. Absence or incapacity

1. While any vacancy exists in the office of Head of State or during the absence from Samoa of the Head of State, the Council of Deputies shall perform the functions of the office of Head of State.
2. Whenever the Chief Justice declares in writing that he is satisfied by evidence, which shall include, where possible, the evidence of the wife and of at least two physicians, that the Head of State is by reason of infirmity of body or mind incapable for the time being of performing his functions as Head of State, or that he is satisfied by evidence that the Head of State is for some definite cause not available for the performance of those functions, then, until it is declared in like manner that the Head of State has so far recovered his health as to warrant his resumption of the functions of the office of Head of State or has become available for the performance thereof, as the case may be, those functions shall be performed by the Council of Deputies.

24. Special provisions as to absence or incapacity

25. Council of Deputies

1. There shall be a Council of Deputies, which shall consist of one, two or three persons elected by the Legislative Assembly:

   Provided that, if the Assembly shall not have elected a Council of Deputies, the Chief Justice shall assume the functions of the Council.

2. A person shall not be qualified to be elected as, or to continue to be, a member of the Council of Deputies unless he is qualified to be elected as Head of State under the provisions of Article 18.
3. An election of members of the Council of Deputies shall be held as soon as possible after each election of a Head of State:

   Provided that, while the provisions of Article 17 are in force, an election of members of the Council of Deputies shall be held as soon as possible after Independence Day and, thereafter, at intervals of not less than four years and nine months and not more than five years and three months.

4. If at any time the number of members of the Council of Deputies is less than three, the Legislative Assembly may elect as a member of the Council a person qualified to be elected under the provisions of clause (2), and any person so elected shall hold office until the next ensuing election held under the provisions of clause (3).
5. Subject to the provisions of clause (2), a member of the Council of Deputies shall be eligible for re-election.
6. A member of the Council of Deputies may resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Prime Minister, who shall forthwith advise the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of that resignation.
7. The Legislative Assembly may, on a motion carried by not less than two-thirds of the total number of Members of Parliament (including vacancies), remove from office a member of the Council of Deputies on the ground of stated misbehaviour or of infirmity of body or mind.
8. The salaries of members of the Council of Deputies shall be determined by Act and shall be charged on the Treasury Fund, but an Act may provide that no such salary shall be payable to such a member for any period for which he is a full time salaried employee of the Government. The salaries of such members shall not be diminished during their period of office, unless as part of a general reduction of salaries applied proportionately to all persons whose salaries are determined by Act.
9. A member of the Council of Deputies shall not be qualified to be elected as a Member of Parliament:

   Provided that the provisions of this clause shall not disqualified a member of the Council from being elected to the office of Head of State.

10. The Council of Deputies shall determine which of its members shall, from time to time, preside over the Council.
11. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Council of Deputies may regulate its procedure in such manner as it thinks fit.

26. Head of State to act on advice

1. Except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, the Head of State in the performance of his functions shall act on the advice of Cabinet, the Prime Minister or the appropriate Minister, as the case may be.
2. If Cabinet, the Prime Minister or an appropriate Minister tenders advice to the Head of State as to the performance of any function of the Head of State and, if the Head of State does not, within seven days after the date on which the tendering of that advice comes to the notice of the Secretary to the Head of State, accept that advice or take some other action in relation thereto which he is entitled to take under the provisions of this Constitution or of any Act, the Head of State shall be deemed to have accepted that advice; and an instrument under the hand of the Secretary to Cabinet, acting on the instruction of the Prime Minister, to that effect shall operate as the performance of the function concerned in accordance with that advice.

27. Information for Head of State

28. Oath of office

29. Public Seal

30. Secretary to Head of State

31. Executive power

1. The executive power of Samoa shall vest in the Head of State and shall be exercised by him under the provisions of this Constitution.
2. Nothing in clause (1) shall prevent Parliament from conferring by Act functions on authorities other than the Head of State.

32. Cabinet

1. Cabinet removal
   There shall be a Cabinet of Ministers, who shall have the general direction and control of the executive government of Samoa and shall be collectively responsible therefor to Parliament.
2. Name/structure of executive(s)
   Cabinet shall be appointed as follows:
   1. Head of government selection
      The Head of State shall appoint as Prime Minister to preside over Cabinet a Member of Parliament who commands the confidence of a majority of the Members of Parliament.
   2. Eligibility for cabinet, Cabinet selection
      The Head of State shall, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister appoint not fewer than eight nor more than twelve Members of Parliament to be Ministers.
   3. Deputy executive
      The Head of State shall, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister, appoint one of the Ministers appointed under subclause (b) to be Deputy Prime Minister.
   4. If an appointment is to be made while the Legislative Assembly is dissolved, a person who was a Member of Parliament immediately before the Assembly was last dissolved may be appointed to be Prime Minister or a Minister.
   5. Appointments under the provisions of this clause shall be made by the Head of State by instrument under the Public Seal.
   6. The Head of State shall, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister, appoint another Member or Members of Parliament to be a Minister or Ministers as soon as possible after the number of Ministers falls below the number appointed pursuant to subclause (b) of this clause by reason of the office of any Minister or Ministers becoming vacant, so that the number of Ministers (in addition to the Prime Minister) shall be restored to the number appointed pursuant to subclause (b) of this clause as soon as possible.

33. Vacation of Office

1. The appointment of the Prime Minister who is in office at the commencement of the first session of the Legislative Assembly following a dissolution thereof shall be terminated by the Head of State on the seventh day of that session if the Prime Minister has not sooner resigned.
2. The appointment of the Prime Minister shall also be terminated by the Head of State
   1. Head of government's role in the legislature
      If the Prime Minister ceases to be a Member of Parliament for any reason other than a dissolution of the Legislative Assembly; or
   2. If the Legislative Assembly passes a motion in express words of no confidence in Cabinet or if Cabinet is defeated on any question or issue which the Prime Minister has declared to be a question or issue of confidence:

      Provided that, if after the passing of such a motion or after that defeat the Prime Minister so requests, the Head of State may dissolve the Legislative Assembly instead of terminating the appointment of the Prime Minister; or

   3. If the Prime Minister resigns his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Head of State; or
   4. If the Prime Minister is absent from Samoa without written permission given by the Head of State, acting in his discretion.
3. The office of any other Minister shall become vacant
   1. If the appointment of the Prime Minister has been terminated under the provisions of clause (1) or clause (2); or
   2. If the appointment of the Minister to that office is revoked by the Head of State, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister, by instrument under the Public Seal; or
   3. If the Minister ceases to be a Member of Parliament for any reason other than a dissolution of the Legislative Assembly; or
   4. If the Minister resigns his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Head of State; or
   5. If the Minister is absent from Samoa without written permission given by the Head of State, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister.
4. Head of government replacement
   Whenever, by reason of illness or of absence from Samoa with the written permission of the Head of State, the Prime Minister is temporarily prevented from performing in Samoa, the functions of his office, the Head of State may, by instrument under the Public Seal, appoint the Deputy Prime Minister to perform those functions, or another Minister where this is not possible, until such time as the Prime Minister is capable of again performing them or has vacated his Office.
5. Head of government replacement
   The power conferred on the Head of State under the provisions of clause (4) shall be exercised by the Head of State, acting in his discretion, if in his opinion it is impracticable to obtain the advice of the Prime Minister by reason of the illness or absence of the Prime Minister and, in any other case, shall be exercised by the Head of State, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister.
6. The Head of State, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister, may by instrument under the Public Seal
   1. Declare a Minister to be by reason of illness temporarily incapable of performing his functions as a Minister; or
   2. Suspend a Minister during the period of any investigation or inquiry into the conduct of that Minister.
7. Any Minister in respect of whom action has been taken under the provisions of clause (6) shall not perform any of the functions of his office or sit in or otherwise take part in the proceedings of Cabinet until the Head of State, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister, has revoked the aforesaid instrument under the Public Seal.

34. Official oath

35. Assignment of responsibilities to Ministers

1. The Prime Minister may, by direction in writing under his hand
   1. Charge any Minister with the responsibility for any Department or subject; and
   2. Revoke or vary any direction given under the provisions of this clause.
2. The Prime Minister may retain in his charge any Department or subject.

36. Summoning of Cabinet

37. Cabinet procedure

1. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, Cabinet may regulate its procedure (including the fixing of a quorum) in such manner as it thinks fit.
2. There shall be a Secretary to Cabinet.
3. Cabinet shall not be disqualified for the transaction of business by reason of any vacancy in the number of its members and any proceedings of Cabinet shall be valid notwithstanding that some person who was not entitled to do so sat or voted in Cabinet or otherwise took part in the proceedings.
4. It shall be the duty of the Prime Minister, if the Head of State so requires, to submit for the consideration of Cabinet any matter on which a decision has been taken by a Minister (including the Prime Minister) but which has not been considered by Cabinet.
5. A decision of Cabinet shall be recorded in minutes which shall, under the hand of the Secretary to Cabinet, be communicated to the Secretary to the Head of State within twenty-four hours of the making of the decision.
6. A decision of Cabinet shall not take effect except under the provisions of Article 38.

38. When decisions of Cabinet are to take effect

1. A decision of Cabinet shall take effect
   1. On its approval by the Head of State, acting in his discretion; or
   2. On the expiry of four days after the date of the decision, unless a meeting of the Executive Council is sooner held under the provisions of Article 40; or
   3. If the issue involved in the decision is, in the opinion of a majority of Ministers present and voting at the meeting at which the decision is taken, of extreme urgency, on the expiry of one day after the date of the decision, unless a meeting of the Executive Council is sooner held under the provisions of Article 40; or
   4. Under the provisions of Article 40.
2. For the purposes of subclauses (b) and (c) of clause (1), the date of a decision of Cabinet shall be the date on which the minutes in which the decision is recorded are communicated to the Secretary to the Head of State under the provisions of clause (5) of Article 37.
3. An instrument under the hand of the Secretary to Cabinet certifying that a decision of Cabinet has taken effect shall be conclusive evidence that that decision has taken effect.

39. Executive Council

1. There shall be an Executive Council of Samoa, which shall consist of:
   1. The Head of State:
   2. The Prime Minister and Ministers holding office under the provisions of Articles 32 and 33.
2. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Executive Council may regulate its procedure (including the fixing of a quorum) in such manner as it thinks fit.
3. The Secretary to Cabinet shall be Clerk of the Executive Council.

40. Consideration of Cabinet decisions by Executive Council

1. The Head of State, acting in his discretion, or the Prime Minister may summon a meeting of the Executive Council to consider any decision recorded in the minutes of a Cabinet meeting.
2. If at a meeting of the Executive Council thus summoned the Head of State supports the decision concerned, that decision shall take effect as a decision of Cabinet.
3. If at a meeting of the Executive Council thus summoned the Head of State opposes the decision concerned or requests any amendment thereto, Cabinet shall thereupon be summoned under the provisions of Article 36 and requested to reconsider that decision.
4. If Cabinet after that reconsideration reaffirms its original decision or accepts the amendment requested by the Head of State, the original decision or the decision as so amended, as the case may be, shall forthwith take effect as a decision of Cabinet.
5. If Cabinet after that reconsideration adopts a decision which incorporates an amendment to its original decision, other than an amendment requested by the Head of State under the provisions of clause (3), the decision as so amended shall operate as a new decision of Cabinet to which the provisions of clauses (5) and (6) of Article 37 shall apply.

41. Attorney-General

1. The Head of State, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister, shall appoint an Attorney-General, who shall be a person qualified to be a Judge of the Supreme Court.
2. The Attorney-General shall advise on legal matters referred to him by the Head of State, Cabinet, the Prime Minister or a Minister and shall have power, exercisable in his discretion, to institute, conduct or discontinue any proceedings for an offence alleged to have been committed.
3. The Attorney-General shall have a right of audience in, and shall take precedence over any other person appearing before, any court or tribunal.
4. The powers of the Attorney-General may be exercised by him in person or by officers subordinate to him, acting under and in accordance with his general or special instructions.
5. The Attorney-General shall hold office for such term or terms and under such conditions as may be determined by the Head of State, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister.

42. Parliament

43. Power to make laws

44. Members of the Legislative Assembly

1. Size of first chamber
   Subject to the provisions of this Article, the Legislative Assembly shall consist of:
   1. One member elected for each of 41 territorial constituencies having such names and boundaries and including such villages or sub-villages or villages and sub-villages as are prescribed from time to time by Act:
   2. Six additional members being one additional member elected for each of such 6 of those territorial constituencies as are prescribed from time to time by Act.
   3. Members elected by those persons whose names appear on the individual voters' roll.
2. First chamber representation quotas
   Subject to this Article, women Members of the Legislative Assembly shall:
   1. Consist of a minimum of 10% of the Members of the Legislative Assembly specified under clause (1) which for the avoidance of doubt is presently five (5); and
   2. Be elected pursuant to clause (1) or become additional Members pursuant to clause (1B), (1D) or (1E).
3. First chamber representation quotas
   If, following any general election:
   1. All members elected under clause (1) are men, the prescribed number of women candidates (if any) with the highest number of votes shall become additional Members; or
   2. Less than the prescribed number of women candidates are elected under clause (1), the remaining prescribed number of women candidates (if any) with the highest number of votes shall become additional Members for the purposes of clause (1A).
4. Clause (1B) does not apply if the prescribed number of women are all elected under clause (1).
5. Replacement of legislators
   If the seat of an additional Member becomes vacant, it shall, despite Article 48, be filled by the woman candidate (if any) who has the next highest number of votes at the last election or general election.
6. Subject to Article 48, if a seat under clause (1) held by a woman becomes vacant, to which a man is elected to fill that vacant seat, the woman candidate (if any) with the highest number of votes from that election or the last election or general election shall become the additional Member.
7. If, in the selection of the required number of women under clause (1B), (1D) or (1E), two (2) or more candidates have equal number of votes, the additional Member shall be selected by lot before the Electoral Commissioner with the presence of the candidates or their authorised representatives and at least two (2) police officers.
8. If a woman candidate becomes an additional Member of a constituency (irrespective of a woman candidate being elected to that constituency), no other woman candidate from the same constituency shall become an additional Member unless there is no other woman candidate from any other constituency to make up the required prescribed number.
9. The number of members to be elected under the provisions of subclause (b) of clause (1) shall be determined under the provisions of the Second Schedule.
10. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the mode of electing members of the Legislative Assembly, the terms and conditions of their membership, the qualifications of electors, and the manner in which the roll for each territorial constituency and the individual voters roll shall be established and kept shall be prescribed by law.
11. Members of the Legislative Assembly (including additional Members) shall be known as Members of Parliament.
12. In this Article, unless the context otherwise requires:
    • “Additional Member” means a woman who is a Member of Parliament by virtue of clause (1B), (1D) or (1E) for the purposes of clause (1A);

      “Highest number of votes” means the percentage of the total valid votes in a constituency polled by a woman candidate;

      “Prescribed number” means the minimum number of women Members of Parliament specified under clause (1A).

45. Qualifications for membership

1. Eligibility for head of state, Eligibility for cabinet, Eligibility for first chamber
   Any person shall be qualified to be elected as a Member of Parliament who
   1. Is a citizen of Samoa; and
   2. Is not disqualified under the provisions of this Constitution or of any Act.
2. If any person other than a person qualified under the provisions of clause (1) is elected as a Member of Parliament, the election of that person shall be void.

46. Tenure of office of members

1. Every Member of Parliament shall cease to be a Member at the next dissolution of the Legislative Assembly after he has been elected or previously thereto if his seat becomes vacant under the provisions of clause (2).
2. The seat of a Member of Parliament shall become vacant
   1. Upon his death; or
   2. If he resigns his seat by writing under his hand addressed to the Speaker; or
   3. If he ceases to be a citizen of Samoa; or
   4. Removal of individual legislators
      If he becomes disqualified under the provisions of this Constitution or of any Act.
3. Notwithstanding Articles 13 and 15, an Act may provide that the seat of a Member of Parliament becomes vacant during his or her term of office:
   1. where in certain circumstances the Member -
      1. resigns or withdraws from or changes his or her political party;
      2. joins a political party if he or she is not a member of the political party;
   2. where the Member holds himself or herself out to be a member or a representative of -
      1. a party or organisation that has political aims and is desirous of taking part in an election where such party or organisation is not registered as a political party under an Act; or
      2. a political party other than the political party of which he or she is a member.

47. Decisions on questions as to membership

48. Filling vacancies

49. Election of Speaker

1. The Legislative Assembly shall, immediately when it first meets after a general election and as soon as possible after any vacancy occurs in the office of Speaker otherwise than by reason of a dissolution of the Assembly, elect a Member of Parliament to be Speaker of the Legislative Assembly.
2. The Speaker, upon being elected and before assuming the functions of his office, shall take and subscribe before the Head of State an Oath of Allegiance in the form set out in the Third Schedule.
3. The Speaker may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Clerk of the Legislative Assembly and shall vacate his office
   1. If he ceases to be a Member of Parliament; or
   2. If he is appointed to be a Minister.

50. The Deputy Speaker

1. The Legislative Assembly may elect a Member of Parliament, not being a Minister, to be Deputy Speaker.
2. The Deputy Speaker may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Clerk of the Legislative Assembly and shall vacate his office
   1. If he ceases to be a Member of Parliament; or
   2. If he is appointed to be a Minister; or
   3. If he is elected to be Speaker.
3. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the functions conferred under the provisions of this Constitution upon the Speaker shall, if there is no person holding the office of Speaker or if the Speaker is absent from Samoa or is otherwise unable to perform those functions, be performed by the Deputy Speaker.

51. Clerk of the Legislative Assembly

52. Meetings of the Legislative Assembly

53. Standing Orders

54. Languages

1. All debates and discussions in the Legislative Assembly shall be conducted in the Samoan language and the English language.
2. The Minutes and the debates of the Legislative Assembly, every bill introduced therein, every paper presented thereto, and all minutes of proceedings, minutes of evidence and reports of committees of the Assembly shall be in the Samoan language and the English language.

55. Presiding over Legislative Assembly

56. Proceedings are valid

57. Quorum

58. Voting

1. Except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, every question before the Legislative Assembly shall be decided by a majority of the votes of the Members of Parliament present.
2. The Speaker, or the Deputy Speaker or any other Member of Parliament while presiding over a sitting of the Legislative Assembly in the absence of the Speaker, shall not have a deliberative vote but, in the case of an equality of votes, shall have a casting vote.

59. Introduction of bills etc. into Legislative Assembly

60. Bills assented to become Acts of Parliament

1. No bill shall become a law until the Head of State has given his assent thereto.
2. Whenever a bill which has been passed by the Legislative Assembly is presented to the Head of State for his assent, he shall, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister, declare that he assents to the bill or that he refuses his assent to the bill.
3. A law assented to by the Head of State as herein provided shall be known as an Act of Parliament and shall come into force either on the day on which it is assented to, or on any date (whether earlier or later than the date on which it is assented to) specified in that behalf in the Act.

61. Oath of Allegiance

62. Privileges of Legislative Assembly

63. Prorogation and dissolution of Legislative Assembly

1. The Head of State may at any time, by notice published in the Samoa Gazette, prorogue the Legislative Assembly.
2. If, at any time, the office of Prime Minister is vacant, the Head of State shall, by notice published in the Samoa Gazette, dissolve the Legislative Assembly as soon as he is satisfied, acting in his discretion, that a reasonable period has elapsed since that office was last vacated and that there is no Member of Parliament likely to command the confidence of a majority of the Members.
3. Dismissal of the legislature
   The Head of State may at any time, by notice published in the Samoa Gazette, dissolve the Legislative Assembly, if he is advised by the Prime Minister to do so, but shall not be obliged to act in this respect in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister unless he is satisfied, acting in his discretion, that, in tendering that advice, the Prime Minister commands the confidence of a majority of the Members of Parliament.
4. Dismissal of the legislature, Term length for first chamber
   The Head of State shall dissolve the Legislative Assembly at the expiry of five years from the date of the last preceding general election, if it has not been sooner dissolved.

64. General elections

65. Constitution of the Supreme Court

1. Number of supreme court judges
   There shall be a Supreme Court of Samoa, which shall be a superior court of record and shall consist of a Chief Justice and such number of other Judges as may be determined by Act.
2. Supreme court selection
   The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the Head of State, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister.
3. Eligibility for supreme court judges
   A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court unless
   1. He possesses such qualifications as the Head of State, acting on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission, may prescribe; and
   2. He has been in practice as a barrister in Samoa, or in an approved country, or partly in the one and partly in the other, for a period of, or periods amounting in the aggregate to, not less than eight years.
4. In computing, for the purposes of subclause (b) of clause (3), the period or periods during which any person has been in practice as a barrister, any period or periods during which he has held judicial office in a court of superior or subordinate jurisdiction in Samoa or an approved country shall be included.
5. For the purposes of this Article or of clause (4) of Article 75 or of both of them, the Head of State, acting on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission, may designate as an approved country any country which, in the opinion of the Commission, has a legal system similar to that existing in Samoa.

66. Powers of Judges of the Supreme Court

67. Oath of office

68. Tenure of office

1. Mandatory retirement age for judges
   Except in the case of an appointment made under the provisions of clause (2), a Judge of the Supreme Court shall hold office until he reaches the age of 68 years:

   Provided that the Head of State, acting (in the case of the Chief Justice) on the advice of the Prime Minister or (in the case of any other Judge of the Supreme Court) on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission, may extend the period of office of a Judge who has reached the age of 68 years.

2. Any person of any age who is not a citizen of Samoa and who is qualified for appointment under the provisions of clause (3) of Article 65 may be appointed to hold office as a Judge of the Supreme Court for a term of years.
3. Nothing done by a Judge of the Supreme Court in the performance of his functions shall be deemed to be invalid by reason only that he has reached the age at which he is required by this Article to retire or that his term of office has expired, as the case may be.
4. A Judge of the Supreme Court may resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Head of State.
5. Supreme/ordinary court judge removal
   A Judge of the Supreme Court shall not be removed from office, except by the Head of State on an address of the Legislative Assembly carried by not less than two-thirds of the total number of Members of Parliament (including vacancies), praying for his removal from office on the ground of stated misbehaviour or of infirmity of body or mind.
6. The Head of State, acting (in the case of the Chief Justice) on the advice of the Prime Minister or (in the case of any other Judge of the Supreme Court) on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission, may at any time when the Legislative Assembly is not meeting suspend a Judge of the Supreme Court from his office, and such suspension, unless previously revoked, shall continue in force until the end of the next ensuing session and no longer.

69. Salaries of Judge of the Supreme Court

70. Acting Chief Justice

1. While any vacancy exists in the office of Chief Justice or during any absence from Samoa of the Chief Justice, the senior Judge of the Supreme Court shall have authority to act as Chief Justice and to perform the functions of the office of Chief Justice.
2. Wherever by reason of illness or any cause other than absence from Samoa the Chief Justice is unable to perform the functions of the office of Chief Justice, the Head of State, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister, may authorise the senior Judge of the Supreme Court to act as Chief Justice until the Chief Justice resumes those functions, and, during that period, to perform those functions.
3. The authority conferred on the Acting Chief Justice under the provisions of this Article shall not include power to preside over the Court of Appeal unless he is qualified by virtue of his seniority to preside thereover under the provisions of clause (3) of Article 75.

71. Acting Judge of the Supreme Court

1. If the office of any Judge of the Supreme Court (other than the Chief Justice) is vacant or if any such Judge is unable to perform the functions of his office, the Head of State, acting on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission, may appoint a person qualified under the provisions of clause (3) of Article 65 to be temporarily a Judge of the Supreme Court:

   Provided that a person may be so appointed notwithstanding that he has attained the age of 68 years.

2. Any person appointed under the provisions of clause (1) to be temporarily a Judge of the Supreme Court shall hold office for the period of his appointment or, if no such period is specified, until his appointment is revoked by the Head of State, acting on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission:

   Provided that he may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Head of State.

72. Judicial Service Commission

1. There shall be a Judicial Service Commission, which shall consist of:
   1. The Chief Justice, as President:
   2. The Attorney-General or, if for any reason the Attorney-General is unable to act, the Chairman of the Public Service Commission:
   3. A person nominated from time to time by the Minister of Justice.
2. No business shall be transacted by the Judicial Service Commission unless three members are present, and all questions proposed for decision by the Commission shall be decided by a majority of the votes of those members.
3. Supreme court selection, Ordinary court selection
   The power of appointing, promoting and transferring any judicial officer, other than the Chief Justice, and of dismissing any judicial officer, other than a Judge of the Supreme Court, is hereby vested in the Head of State, acting on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission.

73. Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court

1. Right to appeal judicial decisions
   The Supreme Court shall have such original, appellate and revisional jurisdiction as may be provided by Act.
2. Without prejudice to any appellate or revisional jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, where in any proceedings before another court (except the Court of Appeal) a question arises as to the interpretation or effect of any provision of this Constitution, the Supreme Court may, on the application of any party to the proceedings, determine that question and either dispose of the case or remit it to that other court to be disposed of in accordance with the determination.
3. The Head of State, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister, may refer to the Supreme Court for its opinion any question as to the interpretation or effect of any provision of this Constitution which has arisen or appears likely to arise, and the Court shall pronounce its opinion on any question so referred to it.

74. Subordinate courts

75. Constitution of Court of Appeal

1. There shall be a Court of Appeal of Samoa, which shall be a superior court of record.
2. Subject to the provisions of this Part, the Judges of the Court of Appeal shall be:
   1. The Chief Justice and the other Judges of the Supreme Court:
   2. Such persons, possessing the qualifications prescribed under the provisions of clause (3) of Article 65, as may be appointed from time to time by the Head of State, acting on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission.
3. The Chief Justice shall be President of the Court of Appeal, but, in his absence, the senior Judge of the Court present at the appeal or, if the Judges so present are of the same seniority, a Judge designated by the Chief Justice shall preside.
4. Judges of the Court of Appeal shall take seniority according to the respective dates of their first appointment as Judges of a superior court in Samoa or in any approved country.
5. An appointment under the provision of subclause (b) of clause (2) shall be for a period of time or for the trial or hearing of particular causes or matters, as may be specified in the instrument of appointment.

76. Number of Judges

1. Any three Judges of the Court of Appeal may exercise all the powers of the Court:

   Provided that the Court may have its judgment delivered by any one of its members who is also a Judge of the Supreme Court, and if there is no such member then through the Registrar of the Court of Appeal.

2. The judgment of the Court of Appeal shall be in accordance with the opinion of the majority of the Judges present.

77. Judges not to sit on appeals from own decisions

78. Oath of office

79. General jurisdiction of Court of Appeal

80. Jurisdiction on constitutional questions

1. An appeal shall lie to the Court of Appeal from any decision of the Supreme Court in any proceeding, if the Supreme Court certifies that the case involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation or effect of any provision of this Constitution.
2. Where the Supreme Court has refused to give such a certificate, the Court of Appeal may, if it is satisfied that the case involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation or effect of any provision of this Constitution, grant special leave to appeal from that decision.
3. Where such a certificate is given or such leave is granted, any party in the case may appeal to the Court of Appeal on the ground that any such question as aforesaid has been wrongly decided and, with the leave of that Court, on any other ground.

81. Jurisdiction in respect of fundamental rights

82. Definition of "decision

83. Interpretation

84. Public Service Commission

1. There shall be a Public Service Commission of Samoa, which shall consist of not more than three persons appointed by the Head of State, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister.
2. The Head of State, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister, shall appoint one of the members of the Public Service Commission to be Chairman.
3. No person shall be appointed to be or shall remain a member of the Public Service Commission
   1. If he is not or ceases to be a citizen of Samoa; or
   2. If he is or becomes a Member of Parliament.
4. No member of the Public Service Commission shall hold concurrently any other office in the Public Service.
5. The powers of the Public Service Commission shall not be affected by any vacancy in the number of its members, and any proceedings of the Commission shall be valid notwithstanding that some person who was not entitled to do so took part in those proceedings.

85. Term of office

1. A member of the Public Service Commission shall be appointed to hold office for a term of not more than three years but shall be eligible for reappointment.
2. A member of the Public Service Commission may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Prime Minister but shall not be removed from office except on the like grounds and in the like manner as a Judge of the Supreme Court.
3. The Head of State, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister, may at any time when the Legislative Assembly is not meeting suspend a member of the Public Service Commission from his office, and such suspension, unless previously revoked, shall continue in force until the end of the next ensuing session and no longer.

86. Salaries

87. Functions of the Commission

1. The Public Service Commission shall
   1. Be responsible for
      1. Human resource planning; and
      2. Human resource management policy; and
      3. Human resource monitoring and evaluation, for the Public Service; and
   2. Have such other functions as may be provided by Act.
2. In the performance of its functions, the Public Service Commission shall have regard to the general policy of Cabinet relating to the Public Service, and shall give effect to any decision of Cabinet defining that policy conveyed to the Commission in writing by the Prime Minister.
3. An Act of Parliament may designate as a special post any post of head of department or any post of a corresponding grade; and the Head of State, acting on the advice of Cabinet after Cabinet has consulted the Public Service Commission, shall be responsible, in respect of any post so designated, for appointments, gradings, salaries, promotions, transfers, retirements, terminations of appointments, dismissals and discipline.

88. Procedure and Annual Report

1. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and of any law, the Public Service Commission may
   1. Regulate its procedure (including the fixing of a quorum) in such manner as it thinks fit; and
   2. Delegate any of its functions to any of its members or to any person or persons.
2. The Commission shall make an annual report on its activities to the Head of State, who shall cause a copy of that report to be laid before the Legislative Assembly.

89. Public Service Board of Appeal

1. There shall be a Public Service Board of Appeal, which shall consist of:
   1. The Chief Justice or
      1. A judicial officer nominated by the Chief Justice; or
      2. A barrister or solicitor of the Supreme Court nominated by the Judicial Services Commission.
   2. One person appointed by, and holding office at the pleasure of, the Head of State, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister:
   3. One person, being an officer of the Public Service, elected by the officers of the Public Service and holding office for a term not exceeding three years.
2. The Chief Justice or the person nominated by the Chief Justice shall be Chairman of the Public Service Board of Appeal.
3. An Act of Parliament may
   1. Prescribe the manner of election of the person to be elected under the provisions of subclause (c) of clause (1);
   2. Provide for the appointment of deputies to act for members of the Public Service Board of Appeal appointed under the provisions of subclauses (b) and (c) of clause (1);
   3. Prescribe the jurisdiction of the Board of Appeal to hear and determine appeals from decisions about human resource management matters in the Public Service.

90. Public Funds

91. Restriction on taxation

92. Public revenue

93. Payment out of public funds

94. Appropriation of expenditure

1. The Minister responsible for finance shall, in respect of every financial year, cause to be laid before the Legislative Assembly a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure for that year, and, unless Parliament in respect of any year otherwise provides, that statement shall be so laid before the commencement of that year.
2. The proposals for all expenditure contained in the estimates (other than statutory expenditure) shall be submitted to the vote of the Legislative Assembly by means of an Appropriation Bill.
3. If, in respect of any financial year, it is found
   1. That any expenditure is incurred or is likely to be incurred upon any service which is in excess of the sum provided for that service by the Appropriation Act relating to that year; or
   2. That any expenditure (other than statutory expenditure) is incurred or is likely to be incurred upon any service not provided for by the Appropriation Act relating to that year;

   the Minister responsible for finance shall cause to be laid before the Legislative Assembly supplementary estimates in respect of that expenditure, and the proposals for expenditure therein contained shall be submitted to the vote of the Assembly by means of a Supplementary Appropriation Bill.

4. Statutory expenditure, which shall not be submitted to the vote of the Legislative Assembly under the provisions of this Article, means
   1. The expenditure charged on the Treasury Fund under the provisions of Articles 22, 25, 69 and 98; and
   2. Such other expenditure as may by Act be charged upon the Treasury Fund or any other public fund or account and in such Act be expressly stated to be statutory expenditure.
5. The Legislative Assembly may approve or refuse its approval to any proposal for expenditure contained in an Appropriation or Supplementary Appropriation Bill, but may not increase the amount or alter the destination of any proposed expenditure.

95. Expenditure in anticipation of appropriation

96. Unforeseen expenditure

97. Controller and Chief Auditor

1. There shall be a Controller and Chief Auditor, who shall be appointed by the Head of State, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister.
2. Except as otherwise provided in this Article, the Controller and Chief Auditor shall hold office for a term of three years, but shall be eligible for reappointment.
3. The Controller and Chief Auditor shall not be a member of the Legislative Assembly and shall not hold any office for profit or engage in any occupation for reward outside the duties of his office.
4. The Controller and Chief Auditor may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Prime Minister.
5. The Controller and Chief Auditor may be suspended from office by the Head of State on the advice of the Prime Minister but shall not be removed from office except in accordance with this Article.
6. The Prime Minister shall cause to be laid before the Legislative Assembly a full statement of the grounds of any suspension of the Controller and Chief Auditor within seven sitting days of the Legislative Assembly.
7. The Controller and Chief Auditor so suspended shall be restored to office by the Head of State unless the Legislative Assembly, within forty-two days after the day on which the statement is laid before it, and in the same session, declares by resolution, that the Controller and Chief Auditor ought to be removed from office and, if the Legislative Assembly within that time so declares, the Controller and Chief Auditor shall be removed from office by the Head of State.
8. This Article shall apply to the holder of the office of Controller and Chief Auditor at the commencement of this Article as if this Article had been in force at the time of this appointment and he had been appointed pursuant to it, except that the term of office shall commence on the day on which this Article came into force.
9. Where the term for which a person who has been appointed as Controller and Chief Auditor expires, that person, unless sooner vacating or removed from office under the provision of this Article, shall continue to hold office until that person is reappointed or a successor to that person is appointed.

98. Salary of Controller and Chief Auditor

99. Audit of accounts

1. The Controller and Chief Auditor shall audit the Treasury Fund, such other public funds or accounts as may be established, the accounts of all Departments and offices of executive government and the accounts of such other public, statutory or local authorities and bodies as may be provided by Act.
2. The Controller and Chief Auditor shall report at least once annually to the Legislative Assembly on the performance of his functions under this Article and shall in his report draw attention to any irregularities in the accounts audited by him.

100. Matai titles

101. Land in Samoa

1. All land in Samoa is customary land, freehold land or public land.
2. Customary land means land held from Samoa in accordance with Samoan custom and usage and with the law relating to Samoan custom and usage.
3. Freehold land means land held from Samoa for an estate in fee simple.
4. Public land means land vested in Samoa being land that is free from customary title and from any estate in fee simple.

102. No alienation of customary land

103. Land and Titles Court

104. Land below high-water mark

1. Subject to the provisions of any Act, all land lying below the line of high water mark shall be public land.
2. For the purposes of this Article, the term "high-water mark" means the line of median high tide between the spring and neap tides.

105. Proclamation of Emergency

1. If the Head of State is satisfied, acting in his discretion after consultation with Cabinet, that a grave emergency exists whereby the security or economic life of Samoa or of any part thereof is threatened, whether by war, external aggression, internal disturbance or natural catastrophe, he may by proclamation (hereinafter referred to as a Proclamation of Emergency) declare that a state of emergency exists.
2. A Proclamation of Emergency shall remain in force for a period of thirty days, if not sooner revoked, but the provisions of this clause shall not preclude the issue of a further Proclamation before the expiry of the period for which the immediately preceding Proclamation is in force.
3. If the Legislative Assembly is meeting at the time the Proclamation of Emergency is made, the Proclamation shall forthwith be laid before the Assembly.
4. If the Legislative Assembly is not meeting at the time the Proclamation of Emergency is made, the Head of State shall appoint a time for the Assembly to meet which time shall be as soon as the Head of State, acting in his discretion, considers that conditions make it practicable, and the Proclamation shall forthwith be laid before the Assembly:

   Provided that, if not less than one-half of the total number of Members of Parliament (excluding vacancies) by notice in writing to the Head of State require that a time for the meeting of the Assembly be appointed for the purposes of this clause, the Head of State shall appoint such a time which shall be not later than seven days after the date of receipt of that notice.

106. Emergency Orders

1. When a Proclamation of Emergency has been made and so long as it remains in force, the Head of State may from time to time make such orders (hereinafter referred to as Emergency Orders) as appear to him to be necessary or expedient for securing the public safety, the defence of Samoa and the efficient prosecution of any war in which Samoa may be engaged, for maintaining public order and the supplies and services essential to the life of the community, and generally for safeguarding the interests and maintaining the welfare of the community.
2. Emergency Orders may empower or provide for empowering such authorities, persons or classes of persons as may be specified in the Orders to make regulations, rules or bylaws for any of the purposes for which Emergency Orders are authorised under the provisions of this Article to be made, and may contain such incidental and supplementary provisions as appear to the Head of State to be necessary or expedient for making effective the powers conferred under the provisions of clause (1).
3. Every Emergency Order, if otherwise valid, shall have effect notwithstanding anything contained in Part II.
4. No provision of any Emergency Order, and no regulation, rule or by-law duly made under the provisions of any such Order, shall be invalid because it deals with any matter already provided for under any law or because of any inconsistency with any such law.

107. Orders to be laid before Legislative Assembly

1. If the Legislative Assembly is meeting at the time an Emergency Order is made under the provisions of Article 106, the Order shall forth-with be laid before the Assembly; and, if the Assembly is not then meeting, the Order shall be laid before the Assembly as soon as the next meeting thereof commences.
2. When an Emergency Order has been laid before the Legislative Assembly under the provisions of clause (1), a notice of motion, signed by six Members of Parliament and made within ten days of the day the Order was laid before the Assembly, praying that the Order be revoked shall be debated in the Assembly at the first convenient opportunity within four sitting days next after the day on which notice of motion was given and, if the Assembly resolves that the Order be revoked, it shall cease to be in force.
3. All Emergency Orders made under the provisions of Article 106, if not sooner revoked, shall expire on the date on which the Proclamation of Emergency ceases to be in force or, where more than one such Proclamation is made in respect of the emergency, when the last of those Proclamations ceases to be in force.
4. The revocation or expiry of an Emergency Order shall not affect the previous operation thereof, the validity of anything done or omitted to be done thereunder, or any offence committed or any penalty or punishment incurred.

108. Restriction on Detention

1. For the purposes of this Article, there shall be an advisory board, which shall consist of:
   1. A Chairman appointed by the Head of State from among the persons who are or have been Judges of the Supreme Court or are qualified to be Judges of the Supreme Court:
   2. Two other members appointed by the Head of State, acting in his discretion after consultation with the Chief Justice.
2. Where an Emergency Order made under the provisions of Article 106 authorises the detention of any person
   1. Any person detained under the provisions of that Order shall, as soon as possible, be informed of the grounds for his detention and, subject to provisions of clause (3), of the allegations of fact on which it is based, and be given an opportunity of making representations to the advisory board against his detention; and
   2. No person shall be detained under the provisions of that Order for a period exceeding three months unless the advisory board has considered any representations made by him under the provisions of subclause (a) and has reported, before the expiry of that period, that there is in its opinion sufficient cause for the detention.
3. This Article shall not require any authority or person who is authorised to detain any person under any Emergency Order made under the provisions of Article 106 to disclose facts whose disclosure would in its or his opinion be against the national interest.

109. Amendment of Constitution

1. Any of the provisions of this Constitution may be amended or repealed by Act, and new provisions may be inserted in this Constitution by Act, if a bill for any such purpose is supported at its third reading by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the total number of Members of Parliament (including vacancies) and if not fewer than ninety days elapse between the second and third readings of that bill:

   Provided that no bill amending, repealing or adding to the provisions of Article 102 or the provisions of this proviso shall be submitted to the Head of State for assent until it has been submitted to a poll of the electors on the rolls for the territorial constituencies established under the provisions of Article 44 and unless it has been supported by two-thirds of the valid votes cast in such a poll.

2. A certificate under the hand of the Speaker that a bill has been passed under the provisions of clause (1) shall be conclusive and shall not be questioned in any court.

110. Power of pardon

1. The Head of State shall have power to grant pardons, reprieves and respites, and to remit, suspend or commute any sentence passed by any court, tribunal or authority established under the law.
2. In the exercise of the powers conferred upon him under the provisions of clause (1), the Head of State shall act in his discretion after consultation with such Minister as the Prime Minister shall designate from time to time.

111. Interpretation

1. In this Constitution, unless it is otherwise provided or the context otherwise requires -
   • "Act" or "Act of Parliament" means an Act of the Parliament of Samoa; and includes any Ordinance of the Legislative Assembly of the Trust Territory constituted under the provisions of the Samoa Amendment Act 1957:

     "Cabinet" means the Cabinet of Ministers:

     "Chief Justice" means the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Samoa:

     "Court of Appeal" means the Court of Appeal of Samoa:

     "Employee of the Public Service" means a person employed in the Public Service:

     "Existing law" means any law in force in the Trust Territory of Samoa or any part thereof immediately before Independence Day:

     "Head of State" means the Head of State of Samoa:

     "High Court" means the High Court of Samoa constituted under the provisions of the Samoa Act 1921:

     "Independence Day" means the day on which this Constitution comes into force under the provisions of Article 113:

     "Judicial officer" means the holder of any judicial office, but does not include an employee of the Public Service who exercises all or any of the functions of a judicial office:

     "Law" means any law for the time being in force in Samoa; and includes this Constitution, any Act of Parliament and any proclamation, regulation, order, by-law or other act of authority made thereunder, the English common law and equity for the time being in so far as they are not excluded by any other law in force in Samoa, and any custom or usage which has acquired the force of law in Samoa or any part thereof under the provisions of any Act or under a judgement of a Court of competent jurisdiction:

     "Legislative Assembly" means the Legislative Assembly constituted under the provisions of Article 44:

     "Legislative Assembly of the Trust Territory" means the Legislative Assembly constituted under the provisions of the Samoa Amendment Act 1957 and in being immediately before Independence Day:

     "Minister" includes the Prime Minister:

     "Office of profit" means any office in the service of Samoa carrying the right to salary, and includes any office declared by Act to be an office of profit:

     "Officer of the Public Service" means an employee of the Public Service other than a person employed in a temporary capacity or on probation:

     "Parliament" means the Parliament of Samoa:

     "Proclamation" means a proclamation made by the Head of State under his hand and the Public Seal of Samoa and published in the Samoa Gazette:

     "Property" includes real and personal property, any estate or interest in any real or personal property, any debt, anything in action, and any other right or interest:

     "Public Seal" means the Public Seal of Samoa:

     "Public Service Commission" means the Public Service Commission of Samoa:

     "Salary" includes salary or wages, allowances, superannuation rights, free or subsidised housing, free or subsidised transport, and other privileges capable of being valued in money:

     "Service of Samoa" means service in any capacity of Samoa; and includes service in any of the capacities named in subclauses (a) to (m) inclusive of Article 83, but not service in respect of the Samoa Trust Estates Corporation:

     "Speaker" means the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly:

     "Supreme Court" means the Supreme Court of Samoa:

     "Samoa Trust Estates Corporations" means the corporation constituted under the name "Western Samoa Trust Estates Corporation" on Independence Day.

2. Where in this Constitution reference is made to the Samoa Act 1921 or to any amendment to that Act, that reference shall be construed as a reference to the Act of the Parliament of New Zealand bearing the short title "the Samoa Act 1921" or to the relevant amendment thereto, including any amendment to that Act of the Parliament of New Zealand or that relevant amendment.
3. Unless the context otherwise requires, where in this Constitution reference is made to a specified Part, Article or Schedule, that reference shall be construed as a reference to that Part or Article of, or that Schedule to, this Constitution; and, where reference is made to a specified clause, subclause or paragraph, that reference shall be construed as a reference to that clause of the Article, that subclause of the clause or that paragraph of the subclause in which the reference occurs.
4. Where under the provisions of this Constitution a person is required to take and subscribe an oath, he shall be permitted, if he so desires, to comply with that requirement by taking and sub-scribing an affirmation.
5. Where in this Constitution reference is made to the functions of any office, that reference shall, unless the context otherwise requires, be construed as a reference to the functions of that office and to any powers and authorities that may lawfully be exercised by, and any duties that may be required to be performed by, the holder of that office.
6. Where in this Constitution reference is made to any officer by the term designating his office, that reference shall, unless the context otherwise requires, be construed as a reference to the officer for the time being lawfully performing the functions of that office.
7. Where this Constitution confers any power to make any appointment to any office, the person or authority having power to make the appointment shall, unless the context otherwise requires, have power, exercisable in a like manner
   1. To direct that a person other than the person appointed shall, during any period that the person appointed is unable to perform the functions of his office owing to absence or inability to act from illness or any other cause, perform the functions of that office;
   2. To appoint another person substantively to an office notwithstanding that there is a substantive holder thereof, when that substantive holder is on leave of absence pending relinquishment of his office;
   3. To direct that a person shall perform the functions of that office when no person has been appointed thereto, either until a contrary direction shall be given by the person or authority having power to make the appointment or until a person shall have been appointed substantively thereto, whichever shall be the earlier.

112. Authoritative texts

114. Existing law to continue

116. Tenure of office of Ministers

117. First Legislative Assembly

1. The Legislative Assembly of the Trust Territory shall continue in being on and after Independence Day as the Legislative Assembly, and the members of the Legislative Assembly of the Trust Territory shall be deemed to have been duly elected as Members of Parliament under the provisions of this Constitution.
2. The Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of the Trust Territory who are in office immediately before Independence Day shall be deemed to have been duly elected as Speaker and Deputy Speaker, respectively, under the provisions of this Constitution.
3. The first session of the Legislative Assembly shall commence within three months of Independence Day.
4. For the purposes of the provisions of clause (4) of Article 63, the general election at which the Legislative Assembly of the Trust Territory was elected shall be the date of the last preceding election in respect of the Legislative Assembly in being on and after Independence Day.
5. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Standing Orders of the Legislative Assembly of the Trust Territory in force immediately before Independence Day shall be the Standing Orders of the Legislative Assembly, and they may be amended, repealed or added to under the provisions of Article 53.
6. If the seat of a Member of Parliament becomes vacant before the date of the first general election to be held after Independence Day, that vacancy shall be filled under the law in force immediately before Independence Day in relation to the filling of vacancies in the membership of the Legislative Assembly of the Trust Territory.

118. Existing Judges

119. Existing legal proceedings

1. All legal proceedings pending in the High Court immediately before Independence Day shall, on and after that day, stand transferred to, and be deemed to be pending for determination before, that court, established under the provisions of this Constitution, having the appropriate jurisdiction.
2. All appeals from the High Court which immediately before Independence Day lay to, or were pending in, any court having jurisdiction to hear such appeals shall, on and after that day, lie to or stand transferred to, and be deemed to be pending for determination before, the Court of Appeal.
3. Any decision of the High Court or of any court having jurisdiction to hear appeals from the High Court shall have the same force and effect as if it had been delivered or made by the Supreme Court or the Court of Appeal, respectively.

120. Existing officers to continue in office

121. Laws not brought into force before Independence Day

122. Adaptation of existing law

123. Vesting of property

1. All property which immediately before Independence Day is vested in Her Majesty the Queen in right of the Trust Territory of Samoa or in the Crown in right of the Trust Territory of Samoa shall, on Independence Day, vest in Samoa.
2. Subject to the provisions of clause (3), land which immediately before Independence Day is, under the provisions of the Samoa Act 1921, Samoan land, European land or Crown land shall, on and after Independence Day, be held under the provisions of this Constitution, as customary land, freehold land or public land, respectively.
3. All land in Samoa which immediately before Independence Day is vested in the Crown in right of the Government of New Zealand shall, on Independence Day, become freehold land held by Her Majesty the Queen in right of the Government of New Zealand for an estate in fee simple.

124. Transitional amendments to Constitution

1

2

4

5

6

1. Oath of Head of State (Article 28)

2. Oath of Members of the Council of Deputies (Article 28)

3. Oath of the Prime Minister and other Ministers (Article 34)

4. Oath of allegiance to be taken and subscribed by the Speaker and Members of Parliament (Articles 49 and 61)

5. Judicial oath to be taken by Judges of the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal (Articles 61 and 78)